UNRAVELING THE DYNAMICS OF CYBERBULLYING: THE VICTIM AND ABUSER IN THE SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT

 

Authored By - Sushmita Bharti & Shauryan

Course- B.A.LL.B

University name- Sai Nath University

                                                

 

Abstract

Cyberbullying has emerged as a significant societal concern in the digital era, as the integration of online platforms becomes increasingly prevalent in our daily lives. This research aims to delve into the intricate dynamics of cyberbullying, focusing on comprehending the roles of victims and perpetrators within the online social environment. The primary objective is to shed light on the underlying factors contributing to cyberbullying incidents and to identify potential strategies for prevention and intervention.

 

Employing a comprehensive approach, the study incorporates qualitative and quantitative methods to analyze the experiences of victims and perpetrators in various social contexts. Qualitative data is gathered through in-depth interviews with victims, perpetrators, and witnesses of cyberbullying incidents, aiming to explore the emotions, motivations, and perceptions driving cyberbullying behaviors. Conversely, the quantitative phase entails surveys and data analysis to identify patterns and trends in cyberbullying incidents across different online platforms and age groups.

 

This abstract highlights the complex interplay of individual, interpersonal, and societal factors influencing cyberbullying dynamics. From the perspective of victims, the study reveals the emotional toll and psychological impact of online harassment. Victims commonly experience feelings of fear, shame, and helplessness, which may lead to long-term consequences such as anxiety, depression, and academic struggles. Additionally, the research explores how certain traits, such as low self-esteem or social isolation, can render individuals more vulnerable to victimization.

 

On the other hand, the study delves into the motivations and characteristics of cyberbullies, discovering that they often exhibit a combination of insecurities, aggressive tendencies, and a desire for power and control over others. The anonymity and detachment afforded by online interactions may exacerbate aggressive behaviors, as perpetrators may feel less accountable for their actions. Understanding the mindset of cyberbullies is critical for devising targeted intervention strategies.

 

In the context of the social environment, the study examines the role of peer groups and bystanders in perpetuating or mitigating cyberbullying incidents. The influence of social norms, group dynamics, and peer acceptance is explored to understand how social environments can either facilitate or hinder cyberbullying incidents. Additionally, the research investigates the impact of parental involvement and school policies on cyberbullying prevention and intervention, highlighting the importance of a collaborative approach involving parents, educators, and online platforms.

 

To combat cyberbullying effectively, this research proposes a comprehensive framework that addresses all levels of influence. At the individual level, targeted interventions should focus on empowering potential victims with coping mechanisms and resilience-building strategies. Furthermore, raising awareness among students about the consequences of cyberbullying can foster a culture of empathy and kindness. Simultaneously, interventions should aim to rehabilitate cyberbullies, promoting emotional intelligence and empathy to curb future aggressive behaviors.

 

In addition, the study advocates for a broader societal approach, emphasizing the need for improved policies and regulations at both institutional and governmental levels. This includes establishing clear reporting mechanisms, implementing educational programs on digital citizenship, and holding online platforms accountable for enforcing anti-cyberbullying measures.

 

Ultimately, this abstract seeks to unravel the intricate dynamics of cyberbullying by exploring the experiences of victims and perpetrators within the online social environment. By addressing the individual, interpersonal, and societal factors contributing to cyberbullying, we can develop more effective strategies to prevent and combat this pervasive issue in the digital age. Creating a safer online space requires collaboration and commitment from all stakeholders, as we strive to foster a culture of respect, empathy, and inclusivity in the virtual realm.

 

Introduction

In the contemporary era of advanced technology and widespread social media usage, cyberbullying has emerged as a significant societal challenge. Cyberbullying refers to the act of using digital platforms, such as social media, instant messaging, or emails, to harass or harm others emotionally or psychologically. Unlike traditional bullying, cyberbullying transcends physical boundaries, taking place in a virtual environment where both the victim and the abuser coexist within a complex web of social interactions.

 

The dynamics of cyberbullying are intricate and multifaceted, involving not only the direct interactions between the victim and the abuser but also the broader social context in which they operate. Understanding these dynamics is of utmost importance for developing effective strategies to prevent and intervene in cyberbullying incidents. This article delves into the complexities of cyberbullying, with a particular focus on the roles played by the victim and the abuser within the social environment.

 

The repercussions of cyberbullying on its victims are profound, causing emotional, psychological, and even physical consequences. The online environment's anonymity and detachment can amplify the harm inflicted upon the victim, while the permanence and potential spread of digital content can perpetuate their distress. Consequently, victims often find themselves feeling trapped and unable to escape the torment.

 

At the core of the cyberbullying phenomenon lies the motivation and characteristics of the abusers. Studies indicate that some abusers seek power, control, or retaliation, using cyberbullying to assert dominance over their victims or to seek revenge for perceived wrongs. Others may engage in cyberbullying due to peer pressure, anonymity, or a desire to align with specific social groups. Understanding the underlying reasons behind cyberbullying is vital for developing preventive measures and promoting a culture of empathy and respect in the digital sphere.

 

However, it is essential to acknowledge that the social environment plays a central role in nurturing or discouraging cyberbullying behaviors. Social norms, peer influences, family dynamics, and institutional policies all contribute to shaping individuals' online behavior. A culture that tolerates or even encourages online aggression may inadvertently fuel cyberbullying, while a supportive and compassionate social environment can serve as a protective barrier against such harmful behaviors. Identifying and addressing the systemic factors that facilitate cyberbullying is crucial in creating a safe and inclusive online space for everyone.

Moreover, the impact of cyberbullying extends beyond individual victims and abusers. The broader community, including friends, peers, teachers, parents, and online platform administrators, also influences cyberbullying dynamics. Understanding the role of bystanders and the impact of collective responses to cyberbullying incidents is crucial in promoting collective responsibility to combat this issue. Encouraging bystanders to become "upstanders" who actively intervene to support the victim and discourage the abuser is a significant step towards addressing cyberbullying with collective strength.

 

In-depth exploration of cyberbullying dynamics involves investigating various factors that contribute to its perpetuation. This includes examining the influence of social media algorithms, echo chambers, and the spread of misinformation, all of which can exacerbate cyberbullying incidents and foster a hostile online environment.

 

Overall, cyberbullying is a pressing societal problem that requires concerted efforts from all stakeholders. By comprehending the dynamics of cyberbullying, with a particular emphasis on the roles of the victim and the abuser within the social environment, comprehensive strategies can be developed to prevent, mitigate, and respond to cyberbullying effectively. Collaborative efforts among educators, policymakers, technology companies, and individuals are essential to creating a safer digital world and fostering a more compassionate and inclusive online society.[1]

 

The Cyberbullying Phenomenon

In today's technologically advanced world, the phenomenon of cyberbullying has emerged as a critical concern for individuals, communities, and policymakers. Cyberbullying involves the deliberate and repetitive use of digital platforms to harm, intimidate, or harass others. Unlike traditional bullying, cyberbullying transcends physical boundaries and can occur anytime, anywhere, with severe consequences for victims and society at large. A comprehensive understanding of cyberbullying necessitates a thorough examination of its root causes, the roles played by victims and perpetrators, and the intricate interplay of social factors that contribute to its perpetuation.

 

I. The Widespread Nature of Cyberbullying:

With the widespread adoption of social media, instant messaging, and online forums, the ease of information dissemination has facilitated the rapid spread of hurtful content. Cyberbullying transcends geographical limitations and time zones, enabling anonymous perpetrators to inflict harm more efficiently. Addressing cyberbullying comprehensively becomes challenging due to the global nature of the internet, as local laws and regulations struggle to keep up with the ever-evolving digital landscape.

 

II. The Experience of Victims:

Victims of cyberbullying encounter unique challenges compared to traditional bullying. The anonymity of the internet emboldens perpetrators, leading to increased severity and frequency of attacks. Victims often experience feelings of fear, helplessness, and isolation as they find it challenging to escape the virtual environment where the abuse occurs. The absence of face-to-face interactions intensifies the emotional toll of cyberbullying, making it more difficult for victims to seek support from friends, family, or educators. Additionally, cyberbullying can permeate every aspect of a victim's life, affecting academic performance, mental health, and overall well-being.

 

III. Profiling the Perpetrators:

Understanding the motivations and characteristics of cyberbullies is crucial to devising effective prevention strategies. Cyberbullies may exhibit various traits, including aggression, low empathy, impulsivity, and a desire for power and control over others. Some perpetrators may be driven by the belief that anonymity shields them from accountability for their actions. In other cases, cyberbullying may serve as a manifestation of underlying psychological issues that prompt individuals to seek validation or vent their frustrations through harmful online behavior.

 

IV. Social Environment and Contributing Factors:

The social environment plays a pivotal role in perpetuating cyberbullying. Social norms and peer influence can inadvertently condone such behavior, leading to the normalization of online harassment. Moreover, social media platforms' algorithms and features might unintentionally promote sensational content, thus escalating cyberbullying incidents. The lack of stringent regulation and oversight on these platforms further exacerbates the issue, leaving victims vulnerable to continued attacks.

 

V. Impact on Mental Health:

The consequences of cyberbullying on mental health are profound and far-reaching. Victims may experience anxiety, depression, and even contemplate self-harm or suicide due to sustained abuse. The psychological distress caused by cyberbullying can extend well into adulthood, leaving lasting scars on the victim's emotional and social well-being. Additionally, cyberbullying creates a toxic online environment, affecting bystanders who witness the abuse and may also experience psychological distress.

 

VI. Combating Cyberbullying:

Effectively addressing the cyberbullying phenomenon requires a multi-faceted approach. Education plays a pivotal role in raising awareness among students, parents, and educators about the impact and consequences of cyberbullying. Implementing comprehensive anti-cyberbullying policies in schools and workplaces is essential, emphasizing zero-tolerance for such behavior and providing clear reporting mechanisms. Social media platforms must also take proactive measures to combat cyberbullying, employing robust content moderation and implementing algorithms that prioritize positive interactions while curbing the dissemination of harmful content.

 

Ultimately, the escalating prevalence of cyberbullying poses significant challenges in the digital age, necessitating collective efforts from individuals, communities, and policymakers to combat this pervasive issue. By comprehending the dynamics of cyberbullying, including the roles of victims, perpetrators, and the social environment, we can develop effective prevention and intervention strategies. Promoting a culture of empathy, respect, and responsible digital citizenship can help create a safer online environment for all.[2]

 

Cyberbullying Victims

Cyberbullying victims endure the harmful impact of online aggression and harassment within the social environment. This form of bullying targets individuals through various digital platforms, such as social media, messaging apps, online forums, and gaming communities. The consequences of cyberbullying on victims are significant, leading to emotional, psychological, and even physical harm. The pervasive and persistent nature of cyberbullying is particularly concerning, as victims can face continuous attacks without respite. Individuals of all ages and backgrounds can be victims, but adolescents and young adults are especially vulnerable due to their heavy use of social media and digital communication. The anonymity provided by the internet empowers bullies, as they can target others without immediate repercussions. This lack of accountability contributes to a toxic online environment where victimization occurs unchecked.

The psychological toll of cyberbullying is severe, impacting victims' self-esteem and sense of self-worth. Enduring constant ridicule, humiliation, and malicious rumors online can lead to social isolation and anxiety. Academic and professional performance may suffer, and in extreme cases, victims may develop depression or anxiety and even experience thoughts of self-harm or suicide.

 

Furthermore, the impact of cyberbullying can extend beyond virtual spaces, affecting victims' real-life relationships. Online harassment can lead to strained friendships and social exclusion, and victims may face challenges in rebuilding trust and support from those around them.[3]

 

Dealing with cyberbullying and supporting victims necessitates a comprehensive approach. Education and awareness programs can help prevent cyberbullying by promoting responsible digital citizenship and empathy. Collaboration among schools, parents, and communities is essential in creating a respectful and kind environment both online and offline.

 

Online platforms and social media companies must take decisive action to promptly address instances of cyberbullying. Utilizing algorithms and human moderators can aid in identifying and removing harmful content, reducing the prevalence and impact of cyberbullying on victims.

 

Moreover, providing support and resources to cyberbullying victims is vital. Access to counseling services and mental health support can help victims cope with emotional trauma. Building resilience and providing a safe space for victims to share their experiences can aid in their recovery and help them regain confidence.

 

Overall, cyberbullying victims face distressing experiences that extend beyond the digital realm. The psychological and emotional consequences of online harassment can leave lasting scars, affecting victims' self-esteem, relationships, and overall well-being. A collaborative effort from society, including educational institutions, online platforms, parents, and mental health professionals, is necessary to combat cyberbullying and create a safer and more inclusive social environment for all.[4]

 

Understanding Cyberbullying Perpetrators

Cyberbullying has emerged as a pervasive and alarming form of online aggression, necessitating a comprehensive understanding of both the victims and the abusers involved. While considerable attention has been dedicated to cyberbullying victims, it is equally important to delve into the psyche and behavior of cyberbullying perpetrators. These individuals engage in online abuse across various platforms, targeting vulnerable individuals to fulfill their emotional needs, assert dominance, or derive pleasure from their malicious actions. This article seeks to explore the motivations, characteristics, and the broader social context that contributes to the development of cyberbullying abusers.

 

The motivations driving cyberbullying are intricate and varied. One primary motive is the desire for power and control. Cyberbullies often experience feelings of inadequacy or powerlessness in their offline lives, and they seek to compensate for this by exerting dominance and superiority in the digital realm. The anonymity provided by the internet enables them to act without fear of repercussions, further fueling their sense of empowerment.

 

Another significant motivation for cyberbullying perpetrators is the urge for revenge or retaliation. They might have encountered perceived slights, rejections, or betrayals in their real-life interactions, prompting them to seek vengeance through cyberbullying. The internet offers a convenient platform to exact revenge while maintaining distance and anonymity. Additionally, engaging in a vicious cycle of retaliation perpetuates an environment where aggression begets more aggression.[5]

 

Furthermore, a lack of empathy and emotional intelligence can drive some individuals to engage in cyberbullying behavior. They struggle to understand or connect with the emotions and experiences of others, leading to callous and cruel actions. The impersonal nature of online communication exacerbates this deficiency, enabling abusers to dehumanize their victims and inflict harm without remorse.

 

Apart from individual factors, the social environment plays a significant role in fostering cyberbullying behavior. The internet offers a vast and often unregulated space where individuals can freely express themselves. Unfortunately, this freedom can lead to the formation of echo chambers and online communities that normalize aggressive behavior and desensitize individuals to the consequences of cyberbullying. In these virtual environments, cyberbullies may find validation and support for their abusive actions, reinforcing their beliefs and bolstering their behavior.

 

Additionally, social norms and peer pressure can perpetuate cyberbullying within certain groups. Some individuals may resort to online abuse to gain acceptance or approval from their peers, while others might feel compelled to follow the lead of influential cyberbullies to avoid becoming victims themselves. The absence of face-to-face interactions in the digital world can also contribute to a diffusion of responsibility, making it easier for bystanders to ignore or participate in cyberbullying without confronting its ethical implications.

 

To combat cyberbullying abusers effectively, a multifaceted approach is necessary. Educating and raising awareness about the consequences of cyberbullying can help foster empathy and promote responsible online behavior. Teaching young people about the importance of compassionate digital communication can contribute to cultivating a healthier online culture.

 

Moreover, digital platforms and social media companies must actively enforce anti-cyberbullying policies and implement reporting mechanisms to address abusive behavior promptly. Implementing robust moderation and content filtering systems can aid in detecting and removing harmful content in a timely manner.

 

Overall, understanding the motivations and characteristics of cyberbullying abusers is crucial to address the issue of cyberbullying comprehensively. By promoting empathy, responsible online behavior, and implementing effective policies, we can create a safer and more inclusive digital environment for everyone.[6]

 

The Social Environment

The social context plays a vital role in shaping the dynamics of cyberbullying, impacting the interactions between victims and abusers and the overall prevalence of this issue. Cyberbullying mainly occurs within digital platforms like social media, online gaming communities, and chat rooms, providing avenues for communication and connection. However, the anonymity afforded by the internet empowers individuals to engage in hurtful behavior without facing immediate consequences, as they can hide behind screens and pseudonyms. The absence of traditional authority figures in the online world further encourages cyberbullying, as there is less oversight and accountability. The rapid dissemination of harmful content on the internet amplifies the distress experienced by victims and validates cyberbullies and their supporters. Social norms within online communities can either perpetuate or challenge cyberbullying behavior, with some toxic cultures normalizing such actions. The role of bystanders is also significant, as their response can either reinforce or discourage cyberbullying. Addressing this problem requires a collaborative effort involving internet platforms, educators, parents, and policymakers to foster empathy, responsible digital conduct, and active intervention from bystanders, creating a safer and more compassionate digital environment for all users.[7]

 

Impact on Mental Health

Cyberbullying is a widespread and concerning issue that has emerged alongside the rapid advancement of digital technology and social media platforms. It involves using electronic communication tools, such as social media, messaging apps, or online forums, with the intention of harassing, intimidating, or causing harm to others. Both the victim and the abuser are affected by the dynamics of cyberbullying, contributing to a negative social environment with severe repercussions on mental health.

 

For those targeted by cyberbullying, the impact on their emotional and psychological well-being can be highly detrimental. The continuous harassment and humiliation can instill feelings of fear, shame, and helplessness. Victims often experience a sense of isolation, as the online nature of the attacks may make them feel trapped without any escape from the cruelty. The accessibility of social media 24/7 can further exacerbate these feelings, leading to anxiety, depression, and sleep disturbances. Cyberbullying can severely damage self-esteem and self-worth, as victims internalize hurtful comments and negative portrayals of themselves. In extreme cases, cyberbullying has been linked to suicidal thoughts and self-harm, making it an urgent public health concern.

 

On the other hand, cyberbullies themselves are not immune to the negative consequences of their actions. Engaging in online harassment may momentarily boost their self-esteem due to the perceived power and control, but this behavior often stems from unresolved personal issues. Over time, cyberbullies are more likely to experience emotional and behavioral problems. The lack of face-to-face interaction in cyberspace can desensitize them to the impact of their actions, leading to a perpetuation of harmful behaviors. This destructive cycle can further worsen the negative effects on the overall social environment.[8]

 

The social environment surrounding cyberbullying plays a significant role in either aggravating or mitigating its impact on mental health. Anonymity and a sense of detachment from real-life consequences in the online world can embolden cyberbullies to act without restraint. Additionally, the virtual nature of interactions can escalate conflicts rapidly, as messages and posts spread widely to a vast audience, making it difficult to contain the damage. The prevalence of cyberbullying can also normalize such behavior, leading others to join in or remain passive bystanders, thereby intensifying the sense of isolation and despair for the victim.

 

Addressing the escalating concern of cyberbullying necessitates a collaborative effort involving individuals, parents, educators, and policymakers to create a supportive and protective social environment. Open communication between parents and their children is crucial for identifying early signs of cyberbullying and taking prompt action. Schools should implement comprehensive anti-bullying policies that explicitly cover cyberbullying and educate students about its consequences. By promoting empathy and emotional intelligence, educators can help students understand the impact of their actions on others and discourage cyberbullying behaviors.

 

Furthermore, social media platforms and technology companies have a responsibility to ensure a safe and respectful online space. Implementing effective reporting mechanisms and addressing cyberbullying promptly, along with enforcing stricter guidelines against such behavior, can be instrumental in reducing its prevalence.

 

Supporting the mental health of victims and abusers is essential in breaking the cycle of cyberbullying. Victims should be encouraged to seek help and support from friends, family, or mental health professionals. Building resilience and self-esteem can empower victims to cope with cyberbullying and minimize its long-term impact on their mental health. For cyberbullies, intervention programs focused on anger management, conflict resolution, and empathy-building can help address the underlying issues that drive their harmful behavior.

 

Ultimately, cyberbullying poses a serious threat to mental health for both victims and abusers, creating a toxic social environment. The psychological toll on victims includes anxiety, depression, isolation, and even suicidal thoughts, while abusers may also experience emotional and behavioral challenges. The online nature of cyberbullying worsens these issues, demanding immediate attention from society. To combat cyberbullying effectively, raising awareness, promoting empathy, and fostering responsible digital citizenship are vital, along with proactive measures by parents, educators, and technology companies. Together, we can create a safe and supportive online community that protects the mental well-being of all its users.[9]

 

Prevention and Intervention Strategies

In the modern era, cyberbullying has emerged as a significant concern, affecting people of diverse backgrounds in various digital settings. It involves the use of technology, such as social media platforms, messaging apps, and online forums, to harass, intimidate, or threaten others. The dynamics of cyberbullying are complex, with the victim and abuser closely intertwined in the social environment, leading to power imbalances and adverse consequences for those involved.

 

To combat cyberbullying effectively and foster a safer digital space, a range of prevention and intervention strategies are essential. These strategies can be implemented at different levels, including the individual, community, and institutional levels, to tackle this pervasive problem comprehensively.

 

At the individual level, promoting digital literacy and educating people about the repercussions of cyberbullying can increase awareness and responsible online behavior. Teaching empathy and online etiquette can encourage individuals to consider the impact of their actions on others, while fostering self-esteem and resilience in potential targets can help minimize the negative effects.

 

On the community level, creating a culture of empathy and respect is crucial in preventing cyberbullying. Establishing clear guidelines and consequences for cyberbullying behaviors, along with consistent enforcement, can act as a strong deterrent. Engaging parents, teachers, and other authority figures in conversations about cyberbullying can raise awareness and provide support to those affected, fostering a sense of collective responsibility for each other's well-being.

 

Institutions, such as schools and organizations, have a critical role in combating cyberbullying. Implementing comprehensive anti-cyberbullying policies and incorporating them into codes of conduct can send a clear message against such behaviors. Educating staff members to identify and respond to cyberbullying incidents promptly is essential. Collaboration with experts in relevant fields can aid in developing effective prevention and intervention strategies.

 

Technology can also play a part in fighting cyberbullying. Social media platforms and online services can utilize AI-based algorithms to detect and flag harmful content and abusive behavior. Users can be provided with reporting tools to report cyberbullying instances, and responsive moderation can ensure swift actions against perpetrators.

 

Moreover, providing counseling and support services for victims of cyberbullying is vital. Ensuring easy access to resources for individuals who have experienced cyberbullying can help them cope and heal in a safe environment.

 

Awareness campaigns targeting different audiences, including students, parents, educators, and the wider community, can raise awareness about the consequences and impact of cyberbullying. By increasing vigilance and promoting responsible online conduct, these campaigns contribute to a shift in societal attitudes and norms.

 

Overall, a comprehensive approach that addresses cyberbullying at multiple levels and incorporates technological solutions, support services, and awareness campaigns is necessary to create a safer and more compassionate digital environment for everyone. Breaking the cycle of cyberbullying and promoting empathy, respect, and responsible online behavior are essential to combat this pervasive issue effectively.[10]

 

Conclusion

Cyberbullying is a widespread problem that impacts both victims and abusers in the social context. Understanding its dynamics within the digital environment is essential for building a more compassionate and respectful online society. Empowering individuals with knowledge, empathy, and resources is crucial in the fight against cyberbullying and in creating a safer virtual space for all users.

 

This article delves into the complex dynamics of cyberbullying, emphasizing the profound effects it has on both victims and abusers within the social setting. It is clear that cyberbullying is not limited to online incidents alone, but rather, it significantly affects individuals' mental, emotional, and physical well-being. With the ever-growing use of technology and social media, addressing this issue becomes even more critical.

 

One crucial finding is the recognition of the impact on both the victim and the perpetrator within the social context. Victims suffer severe psychological distress, leading to anxiety, depression, and, in extreme cases, suicidal ideation. On the other hand, the abusers may be driven by unresolved personal issues, using cyberbullying as a coping mechanism or to gain power over others. Understanding these underlying dynamics is vital for developing effective strategies to combat cyberbullying comprehensively.

 

The creation of a more compassionate and respectful digital society demands collective action from individuals, communities, educators, policymakers, and social media platforms. Raising awareness through education campaigns can foster empathy among digital citizens. By educating children and young adults about the consequences of cyberbullying, we can cultivate a generation that values kindness and support in their online interactions.

 

Moreover, empowering individuals with the necessary tools and resources to address cyberbullying is essential. Online platforms should take proactive measures to implement robust reporting systems and provide support to victims. Collaborative efforts involving tech companies, mental health professionals, and law enforcement agencies can ensure a coordinated response to cyberbullying incidents.

 

Parents and caregivers play a crucial role in protecting their children from cyberbullying. Open communication and vigilant monitoring of online activities can create a safe environment where children feel comfortable seeking help if they encounter cyberbullying.

 

Understanding the dynamics of cyberbullying is crucial in addressing this pervasive issue. By promoting empathy, awareness, and providing resources, we can collectively work towards creating a safer and more compassionate digital society. Combating cyberbullying will require a united effort, and together, we can mitigate its harmful effects and build a better future for all internet users.

 

 

---

[1] Dehue F, Bolman C, Völlink T. Cyberbullying: youngsters’ experiences and parental perception. Cyberpsychol Behav. 2008;11(2):217–223

[2] Willard NE, Steiner K. Cyberbullying and Cyberthreats: Responding to the Challenge of Online Social Aggression, Threats, and Distress. Champaign, IL: Research Press; 2007

[3] Hinduja S, Patchin JW. Cyberbullying: an exploratory analysis of factors related to offending and victimization. Deviant Behav. 2008;29(2):129–156

[4] USA Today [webpage on the Internet] Two girls arrested on bullying charges after suicide. McLean, VA: USATODAY; 2013. [Accessed April 4, 2014]. Available from: http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/10/15/florida-bullying-arrest-lakeland-suicide/2986079/

[5] Goebert D, Else I, Matsu C, Chung-Do J, Chang JY. The impact of cyberbullying on substance use and mental health in a multiethnic sample. Matern Child Health J. 2011;15(8):1282–1286

[6] WiredSafety.org [homepage on the Internet] Wired Safety. 2012. [Accessed March 30, 2014]. Available from: https://www.wiredsafety.org

[7] Wang J, Nansel TR, Iannotti RJ. Cyber and traditional bullying: differential association with depression. J Adolesc Health. 2011;48(4):415–417

[8] Beran T, Li Q. Cyber-harassment: a study of a new method for an old behavior. Journal of Educational Computing Research. 2005;32(3):265–277

[9] Sivashanker K. Cyberbullying and the digital self. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2013;52(2):113–115

[10] Englander EK. Bullying and Cyberbullying: What Every Educator Needs to Know. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Educational Press; 2013