EXAMINING THE LAWS RELATED TO CHILD AND WOMEN TRAFFICKING IN INDIA: WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON THE IMMORTAL TRAFFICKING (PREVENTION) ACT, 1956.

 

AUTHORED BY - KIRATJEET KAUR.

BBA.LLB(H).

AMITY LAW SCHOOL, NOIDA.

 

 

INTRODUCTION

Criminal activities that involve trafficking people, usually for forced labour or sexual abuse for money, are called human trafficking. It is the moving or transferring of teenagers, adults, and children from one place to another by force, mental coercion, or clever lying. The United Nations created the Palermo Protocol in November 2000. Its goal is to stop, punish, and discourage human trafficking, especially involving children and women. The description given tries to describe human trafficking as the act of recruiting, transporting, housing, or receiving people to be used for sexual purposes. People do this by stealing from others, lying, abduction, abusing power or a weak position, or giving money or benefits to someone else with the permission of someone in a position of control over them.

 

Also, "exploitation" includes more than just prostitution and other kinds of sexual exploitation. It also includes forced labour or service, slavery and its practices, servitude, and organ harvesting. In modern times, human trafficking has become a major social and legal problem in most countries, with a focus on how it affects women. Still, trafficking is mostly a global form of organised crime. It includes recruiting, kidnapping, transporting, harbouring, transferring, selling, or receiving people; it must happen within the borders of a country or in the international community; it must involve force, coercion, deception, or fraud; or it must put people in situations similar to slavery or forced labour or services, such as domestic servitude, bonded sweatshop labour, or other forms of debt bondage.

 

India, along with a number of other South Asian countries, is becoming more and more important as a place where people are trafficked to go and to stay. The main point of the situation is that even though human trafficking is a secret and highly classified business, remains largely undetected and unreported, despite the implementation of numerous international initiatives and actions to compel governments to intervene. The escalating incidence of human trafficking often stems from the political apathy of nation-states, as evidenced by the proliferation of inadequate funding and resource allocations to address the prevailing circumstances. As a consequence, the circumstances are considerably more critical and dire than if they had filed a police report. Human trafficking refers to the exchange of persons for sexual servitude, commercially compelled labor, or labor for the benefit of the trafficker or others. This may involve coercing an individual into matrimony or extracting organs or tissues for surrogacy or ova. Human trafficking can manifest on both domestic and international levels. Human trafficking is classified as a crime against humanity due to its complicity in the coerced limitation of the victim's mobility and the commercial exploitation of the victim. Human trafficking refers to the exchange of individuals, particularly children and women, and does not invariably involve long-distance transportation.

 

Human trafficking, which involves both trafficked individuals and transnational criminal organizations, is a rapidly expanding problem. Although commercial sexual exploitation and forced labor are prohibited by Indian law and comprise human rights violations, individuals are routinely transported unlawfully for these purposes. India also attracts women and girls from Nepal and Bangladesh who are interested in being exploited for commercial sex. Human trafficking is predicated on the exploitation of women who are subject to both physical and mental coercion. Human trafficking targets the majority of young people in India, particularly girls, women, and adolescents, according to a multitude of studies.

At present, human traffickers who trade in human beings have established an international marketplace in addition to inexpensive labor, increased profits, demand, and the supply chain for commercial sex. Human trafficking is a thriving, illicit, and unethical global enterprise that generates millions of dollars at the detriment of tens of thousands of victims, the majority of whom are adolescent males and females who have had their dignity, individuality, and autonomy taken from them. Even though the majority of individuals have not yet been witnesses to these offenses, they occur daily across the globe. Conspiracy-driven commerce that is both clandestine and highly secure exploits human-trafficked individuals as commodities to satisfy demand and supply chain requirements then discarded.

Around the world, child trafficking is seen as one of the worst crimes that can happen. The number of children being trafficked and exploited in different ways is growing very quickly. The United Nations has collected data that shows that every year more than a million people are either forced to work as slaves or are sold or trafficked against their will. Most of these victims are children. On the other hand, India is thought to be one of the South Asian countries where modern sex slavery is growing the fastest. Nearly 90% of this trafficking happens within state lines for commercial sex tourism involving women and children. At the same time, child kidnapping across borders is seen to happen, mostly from Nepal, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. A lot of children are sold in India for reasons other than prostitution and sex work. In addition, they are forced to work, beg, donate organs, be house servants, and get married against their will, among other humiliating things. Children should not be trafficked because it violates their basic rights, respect, and decency. This piece talks about the serious problems that happen when children are trafficked. Abuse of children for sexual gain has effects on both their physical and mental health. This paper lists the problems that make it hard to completely ban child trafficking.

Human trafficking has become a major problem on a global and national level, especially when it comes to children and women. Women, children, boys, and girls have been given new weaknesses that have never been seen before. These weaknesses are now being used for profit, and the business is worth millions of dollars and is a huge organised crime. Countries are taking legal, executive, judicial, and social steps to stop this trade in human suffering. Teenage girls and boys all over the world are victims of child trafficking every day, which is very scary. Children and their families are often drawn to foreign countries by the promise of better job chances and a better quality of life. Others are sold after being abducted. A child who is trafficked is subjected to a variety of dangers, including sexual assault and violence, and is deprived of the right to develop in a family environment. Although precise figures are unknown, human trafficking has increased in India over the past decade. It is one of the most lucrative criminal enterprises, alongside the smuggling of weapons and drugs, and is predominantly carried out by highly organized criminal organizations. Children will continue to be trafficked unless public opinion is cultivated, legislation is designed and implemented effectively, the situation is continuously monitored, and the traffickers' network is exposed. A concerted effort is necessary to prevent and halt the trafficking of children.

 

The magnitude of trafficking in women and children in India

At the moment, selling people is a crime all over the world. It is a high-risk business with a lot of potential. But there isn't enough organised and reliable data on the problem. Every year, even the most common global figures can be anywhere from one to four million different numbers. The United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) says that 12 million people are victims of human trafficking every year, and that 1.2 million of these victims are children. The International Labour Organisation (ILO) says that at any given time, at least 2.4 million children are being smuggled. The International Labour Organisation (ILO)12 says that every year, 1.2 million boys and girls are trafficked and forced to work in workplaces, farms, armed conflicts, or for money in sex work. Even though the numbers are different, everyone agrees that the only things that bring in more money than trafficking people are trading drugs and weapons.

 

It's hard to judge or even get a rough idea of how big the problem is, and getting reliable information is hard because the operation is secret. However, most people agree that a lot of Asian countries are now the starting point, transit point, and end point of the whole process. The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) says that 150,000 people are trafficked every year in South Asia, making the area second only to Southeast Asia in terms of the number of cases. The UNODC calls Bangladesh, India, Nepal, and Pakistan "countries of high origin." However, India and Pakistan are also considered "countries of high destination." It's said that "India has the largest labour trafficking problem in the world, with millions of bonded labourers, including forced child labourers, and hundreds of thousands of sex trafficking victims." Even with these stories and worries, data from India's National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) shows that trafficking of people in the country is generally going down. Because of this, the number of cases brought under the ITPA has dropped by over 60%, from 11,242 cases in 2002 to 4,541 cases in 2006. A fall of this size is a very controversial topic. If you look at how the ITPA statistics for 2005 and 2006 was spread out by state, you can see that the decline is not happening in a steady or planned way. The differences in ITPA cases from state to state may also be due to differences in how law enforcement agents deal with human trafficking. As a result, the number of cases reported under the ITPA dropped by 38% in Tamil Nadu from 2005 to 2006. This was the state where most of these cases had been filed for the previous 20 years. In 2006, 76% of all cases were in the four southern states of Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and Andhra Pradesh put together.

 

But when you compare this to the types of people who are traded in red-light districts in different states, the problem of too few and too many reports becomes clearer. The groundbreaking Action Research on Trafficking in Women and Children (ARTWAC) study found that a lot of the victims were from West Bengal, which includes the states of Maharashtra, Bihar, Rajasthan, Delhi, and Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka. It's important to note that the number of reported cases of human trafficking is lower in states that are closer to international borders (like West Bengal, North Eastern states, Punjab, Jammu & Kashmir, and Rajasthan) and less developed economically (like Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, and Orissa) than in states that are better located and have more developed economies. There are a lot of reasons to doubt official data because the ITPA doesn't report nearly as many cases in states like Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, and Orissa. These are the main places where trafficked people come from to move between states, except in Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, and Maharashtra.

From Bangladesh and Nepal, a significant number of females are trafficked to India, in addition to those transported between states. However, it is noteworthy that these governments have yet

 

 

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to reach a treaty regarding the rehabilitation and safe repatriation of trafficked females. It is reasonable to hypothesize that police documentation of offenses under various sections may be subject to the influence of stereotypical beliefs. Consequently, the overwhelming majority of police officials do not consider the trafficking of women and children to be a serious concern. Furthermore, "political interventions or pressure" are present on the police to maintain a low crime rate. According to the US State Department's report on Trafficking in Persons (2007), law enforcement authorities in India are implicated in pervasive corruption that hinders endeavours to combat the illicit trade of persons. Despite the well-documented collusion between border security forces and traffickers, reports have surfaced regarding senior police officials providing brothels with advance notice of impending inspections. It is noteworthy that a considerable number of brothel proprietors surveyed by the ARTWAC team perceived police investigations as attempts to "fill up their records" and "project their performance" rather than as an attempt to "evade regular money payments" to them.

Brothel proprietors frequently resort to bribing law enforcement officers as a means to evade apprehension or obtain information in advance regarding an imminent search, in addition to leveraging their political connections to sustain their illicit enterprises. However, the ITPA (section 3) explicitly delineates penalties for operating a brothel or permitting premises to be utilized as brothels; further convictions result in more severe penalties. Also, the law says that police can search these places without an order. However, the political ties and other "powers" that brothel owners and managers have can sometimes stop police from taking effective action. Because of this, prostitutes are rarely charged with a crime; instead, they are usually caught on suspicion of luring. Given the situation, it is hard to recognise that the number of trafficking cases reported to the ITPA has dropped by a large amount over the last five years.

The difference present is another interesting thing to think about. So, since 2002, crimes related to selling women and children that fall under different types of laws have not gone down, except for the ITPA. The number of cases that have been recorded for these crimes has slowly gone up from 241 in 2002 to 456 in 2006. If police actions have led to a big drop in ITPA cases over the past five years, then why haven't these same effects been seen with other types of trafficking crimes? Given that all of these crime categories, with the exception of Importation of Girls, pertain to domestic child trafficking, the increase in such activities within the nation presents a puzzling puzzle. Consequently, the country gives little thought to the quantification of child trafficking. Even parents who willingly enlist their sons for labour in remote industries, such as construction or jewellery, are unaware that they frequently become indentured labourers. Child and indentured labour are pervasive in India, with estimates by non- governmental organisations ranging from 20 million to 65 million labourers. A considerable number of individuals who initially volunteered to migrate ultimately encounter circumstances of involuntary servitude, which may consist of prolonged labour periods, unpaid wages, limitations on mobility through the seizure of passports, and physical or sexual abuse.

The well-known law against hiring kids to work doesn't get applied very often. As of December 2006, 16,672 violations of this law had been found by state governments during 23,166 inspections. For this reason, there is a big problem with how crimes are put into different categories. Also, our police administration doesn't seem to care about making connections between person, trafficking and crimes like child labour, child marriage, and taking women and children hostage or making them work for someone else. As luck would have it, the most recent NCRB report on Crime in India (2006) also talked about the cases that were reported under the Child Marriage Restraint Act of 1929. There is still a lot of disagreement, though,

 

 

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about whether formal records should be used to evaluate the problem. This is the case because cops rarely hear about marriages between teens. So, only 99 cases of marriages between minors were reported in 2006. This brought the total number of cases reported in the five years before that to 490. However, there is an unspoken support for marriage to minors. In many parts of the country, primitive and rural communities see it as normal and normalcy. In Northern and Central India, there are certain areas where this is more common. The number of American women married before they turned 18 rose from 34% in 1998–99 to 45.6% in 2005–06. This is according to the most current National Family Health Survey-3 (NFHS). Assuming that at least 10% of the 1,02,42,881 married women under 18 in the country at the time of the 2001 Census were victims of trafficking, the total number would be more than one million. Doesn't this show that our theory for how big the problem of trafficking in women and children is in the country is completely wrong?

 

Surprisingly, different poll reports and NGOs give much higher estimates of the number of sex workers, trafficked women, and children than the official numbers. However, these estimates are not all the same. For example, between 2002 and 2004, a national study for the Department of Child Development, Government of India, found that there were four million prostitutes in India. That number is expected to rise to ten million within the next few years. It is said that a lot of prostitutes are young people who got into the business between the ages of 12 and 15. A UNICEF study says that there are about 5 lakh young people working as sex workers in India. The number is expected to keep going up because of sex tourism.23 In 2004, an NGO study found that 378 of India's 593 districts are affected by human trafficking. Of this total, 90% was caused by crimes that happen between states. It is estimated that between 10,000 and 15,000 Bangladeshi women are trafficked to India every year, and another 10,000 Nepalese women move there to work in the sex business. People have been trafficking Nepalese women since the 1800s because their fair skin is a desired trait. However, the number of women being trafficked has increased in recent years. Rising unrest and extreme poverty have forced women to look for work outside of their own country.

 

Motives behind the trafficking of women and girls

Sexual harassment and assault based on gender are two more things that kill tens of thousands of young women every year. This is the main reason for human trafficking in India. An important thing to note is that discrimination based on gender is deeply rooted in Indian culture. Men are often treated better than women and are seen as more friendly than women. Because of this discrimination based on gender, India's social order also helps men more than it helps women. This is a very important truth. To figure out where human trafficking comes from, it is also important to look at what it is and how big it is. Trafficking in women does happen. There are many reasons why women are trafficked, but with the rise of globalisation, the problem has become more complex. This problem has spread to other parts of the economy, like the sex business, which depends on women and teens to work for cheap. Human trafficking can look like a lot of different things and isn't just sexual abuse. The rise in the slavery of women and girls in India can be traced back to the following factors: -

 

 

 

 

1. COMMANDED MARRIAGE

 

 

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The decline in the sex ratio is a widely recognized phenomenon observed in several regions of the country, such as Rajasthan, Haryana, and other states where human trafficking has emerged as an exceptional problem. Furthermore, it is plausible to observe that human trafficking occurs when economically disadvantaged women enter into temporary matrimonial unions with affluent men. Moreover, it has been widely acknowledged since antiquity that young women who refuse to bear male children run the risk of being executed. It is very important to stress that girls and women are not only forced into prostitution, but they are also bought and sold as goods in many places where there aren't many women. Because of later cases of killing female babies, they are more likely to get married than men.

 

1. BEGGING

 

India has a lot of cases of forced begging, which is a form of selling people.It is not uncommon for women and females, including children, to be compelled to beg for alms in public areas. For numerous traffickers, the exploitation of disabled individuals is a lucrative enterprise.

 

1. COMMENDED WORK

 

Forced labour affects over eleven million people in the Asia-Pacific region, as reported by the International Labour Organisation. When confronted with financial hardship, families frequently resort to the sale of their children as indentured labour. This applies to both males and girls, and purchasers frequently do not receive a refund for years. It is not uncommon for women who have been sexually exploited to have a higher prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). This is not uncommon among victims of human trafficking. Aspects of its origin become apparent when examining the proliferation of trafficking from the perspective of supply and demand. An analysis of these elements reveals that they comprise sociocultural, economic, and political dimensions. The following is included on this list:

• • Poverty is one of the principal causes of human industry, vulnerabilities render victims susceptible to exploitation by human traffickers.
  • As a direct consequence of the deteriorating political climate—which includes the rise of the political industry, militarism, and violence—trafficking and coerced labour have increased.
  • People who have lost a lot because of violence are more likely to become victims of human trafficking. A large number of people left the area because of the war itself.
  • Finally, because of social and cultural norms, a big part of the world's female population, especially girls, is abused and exploited, and many of them have to live in terrible conditions just to stay alive. Because they can't move up in society easily, they are more likely to become victims of human trafficking. Traffickers take advantage of weak women and girls who have been sexually abused or who are single because of the shame that comes with being a mother, divorced person, or person who has lost a loved one.
  • The phenomenon of individuals relocating from one place to another without developing any emotional connection to their possessions is referred to as

 

 

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"migration." Human traffickers pose a substantial menace, particularly to the younger demographic of children and women, who are inclined to engage in unauthorized modes of transportation. Constantly compelled into prostitution or labour, a significant number of Bangladeshi migrants have fallen victim to human trafficking.

The problem is caused by many political and legal factors, such as organised crime and corruption, border controls, increased militarization and armed conflict, the resource curse in extractives, refugees, legal access to justice, the rule of law, statelessness, and the lack of anti- trafficking laws. How India's laws are set up to fight human trafficking The Indian Constitution gives women a lot of rights that protect their health and make sure they are raised properly. The main purpose of these rights is to protect each person's inherent worth while also creating an environment that helps people grow and improve their skills in the best way possible. They are a reflection of the ideals that people hold most dear. What the Yusuf v. State of Bombay case made clear is that Article 14 of the Constitution says, "the state shall not deny to any person equality before the law or equal protection of the laws within the territory of India." In line with this clause, the government is not allowed to treat people differently because of their gender, race, religion, or caste. Even though this piece guarantees equality, it doesn't stop improvements that are meant to make things better from happening.

 

Because of this, laws that include special rules for women in line with Article 15.3 cannot be challenged on the grounds that they go against Article 14. Article 23 of the Constitution of India says that any action that goes along with selling people or other human beings is illegal. People who break this rule are protected from being exploited or forced to work, and they will be punished legally if they do anything that breaks this rule. Again, Article 24 makes it clear that people younger than 14 are not allowed to work in dangerous jobs, such as factories. In addition to the articles in the constitution, the Indian Penal Code also has articles about the trafficking of women. Part 366 (A) and (B) is one of the most important laws in this area because it says that no girl younger than twenty-one years old can be brought into the country or bought from anywhere else. Section 366(A) also says that it is illegal to ship a woman younger than eighteen. Besides that, parts 372–373, and 374 talk about buying and selling goods, as well as the punishments for forcing someone to work against their will. The Immoral Traffic (Prohibition) Act of 1956 (IIPA) is a law that is meant to stop the sexual abuse of people for money through human trafficking. In India's fight against human slavery, this law is considered to be one of the most important ones. Section 370 of the Criminal Law (Amendment) Act 2013 has been added instead of Section 370 of the Indian Penal Code, which was just made law. These parts go over a lot of different ways to stop human trafficking, which includes things like taking organs from people against their will, sexual or physical exploitation, slavery, and the trafficking of children for any kind of exploitation. A special law called the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act, 2012, went into effect in 2012. Its goal is to protect children from being sexually abused or exploited.

 

This law was made official in 2012. The resource gives in-depth explanations of many types of sexual abuse, such as sexual harassment, sexual attack (both penetrative and non- penetrative), and more. The Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act of 1986, the Bonded Labour System (Abolition) Act of 1976, and the Transplantation of Human Organs Act of 1994 were some of the laws that were passed after the Prohibition of Child Marriage Act was passed in 2006. Each of these pieces of legislation was made specifically to make trafficking in people a crime.

 

 

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A lot of people agree that the problem of human trafficking is very complicated. In the past few years, the Indian court system has made a number of important decisions in this area. The Supreme Court of India and, to a lesser extent, one of the High Courts of the country have mostly made important legal decisions and major rulings about cases of human trafficking. To say it again, most people agree that most cases of human trafficking are heard by lower courts. It is not required for these courts, unlike the Supreme Court and High Courts, to make their decisions public. The Supreme Court and the High Court came up with a set of guiding principles that have been shown to improve how judges handle cases concerning human trafficking. In general, these guiding principles can be broken down into three main areas: protecting victims' rights, giving the government clear instructions, and making sure that children are given extra security.

 

Prime trafficking targets

In West Bengal, it looks like people from the poor Muslim, Hindu Scheduled Castes (SC), and Scheduled Tribe (ST) groups are the major targets of human trafficking. People who don't own land, people who work in tea gardens, people who make low wages in the unorganised sector, and casual and marginal workers are all affected.Lastly, the impacted socioeconomic classes include undocumented immigrants; young people who are illiterate or drop out of school; widowed or abandoned women; women who choose not to marry because of excessive dowry requirements; and children who are raised without parents or guardians.

 

Reasons and methods of human trafficking

People, especially women and children, are trafficked for a number of reasons. Trafficking of women and children is caused by two types of forces: push and pull forces. Many families are poor, and natural disasters like floods happen almost every year, leaving some people almost penniless. Women (and their families) in rural areas don't have access to education, skills, or jobs, and don't know much about the activities of human traffickers. Daughters are forced to work far away to pay for their dowries, and families that don't work well together and abuse each other. Not only does being poor or lacking other things make people more likely to fall into the hands of traffickers, but some people also do it because they want to help others. Because they have no other option, prostitutes often get close to traffickers and do what they do after being forced to leave a harsh environment.

 

Demand is one of the things that draws people in, along with easy money, good jobs in big cities, and the promises of higher wages and a better life from traffickers and agencies. There is a need for young girls to get married in other places, for low-paying jobs where kids work in sweatshops, for more young children to be adopted, for women to work in the sex industry, for young girls to be sent to military bases like Kashmir, India, and for the myth that having sex with a virgin can cure HIV/AIDS and impotence. Internal trafficking is also made easier by the fact that a lot of women in the northern states of Haryana and Punjab kill themselves. Because there aren't many women compared to men, these states have become perfect places for people traffickers to work. Traffickers get young women from faraway places like Assam and Orissa, tell their families they are getting married, and then force them to work as prostitutes.

The reasons for human trafficking are already hard to understand, and the fact that we haven't done enough to stop it makes things even worse. Due to a lack of regulation and an excessively long court delivery time, traffickers can more easily recruit or re-traffic women and children

 

 

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from the districts and take them to faraway places. Because real traffickers are rarely caught, people who run the lucrative trade are urged to keep doing it and make big profits without having to put any money into it. An additional reason for the crime's persistence is that victims are reluctant to go to court because the police and community don't back them.

 

Migration patterns have an impact on human trafficking as well, and as global economic integration has begun, cross-border mobility has grown significantly. To thrive in the competitive age, there has been a global increase in the need for inexpensive, adaptable, and uncritical labor in recent years. Undocumented immigrants best meet these needs. At the same time, new technology, low-cost imports, the loss of long-standing jobs, the demand for new consumer goods, and the ensuing shift in our cultural practices all have an impact on traditional economic activities such as agriculture, caste-based jobs, traditional handicrafts, and cottage industries. In recent times, a great number of people have moved around in quest of employment or other amenities due to a combination of these factors. Traffickers have used this opening to entice the underprivileged. Aside from sex workers, placement agencies, STD booths, and truck drivers frequently operate as middlemen to gather and transport individuals for illicit purposes.

The inability of the members of poor Indian families to speak outside of their homes is one of their biggest issues. They cannot read or write, and many of them are illiterate. For this reason, they rely on others to telephone or send letters to their families. The legal guardians frequently fail to assist the victims. It is a common accusation that victims receive more harassment from police than criminals do. These restrictions not only leave the economically and socially marginalized groups in our society more susceptible to human trafficking, but they also help to explain the high prevalence of re-trafficking in our culture.

In addition to making it more important for manufacturers to find cheap workers, globalisation has also helped the travel and entertainment industries grow around the world. Because of this, the sex-related businesses, like sex tourism, have grown very quickly. At the same time, there is a higher demand for commercial sex in cities. This is because more men are moving to cities and people who work in the business process outsourcing (BPO) field have difficult jobs.

Our experience also shows that child marriage and trafficking are strongly related. One of the simplest ways that human traffickers use to transfer young girls from one location to another is through child marriage. Single women are seen negatively in a traditional rural community. Parents feel embarrassed and ashamed when they are unable to plan their daughter's marriage. When the traffickers approach the impoverished in this scenario, families who get marriage proposals, often with cash prizes ranging from Rs. 1000 to Rs. 5000 on average, less the dowry, often find it difficult to say no. The girl is sold and then sold again after being married until she ends up somewhere. One major benefit of marrying a girl trafficker is that it shields the recruiter and the spouse from being accused of trafficking right away. By granting a portion of the proceeds from the sale of their daughter, the dalals effectively intimidate and quiet the parents as well. In addition to child marriage, there are various forms of child trafficking, such as phony marriages, fraudulent recruitment, kidnapping and stealing children, transporting children with guardians' permission, adopting children, and persuading impoverished families to live in cities with better work and living conditions.

In addition to being used for labour and sexual exploitation, child trafficking is becoming more common in the illicit organ trade. It's a form of coordinated criminal behaviour. According to WHO estimates, over 6000 thousand kidneys are transacted internationally each year. Under

 

 

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this offense, children are coerced or harassed by traffickers and procurers into giving internal bodily organs, like the liver and kidneys. According to the World Health Organization's (WHO) 1991 guiding principles on human organ transplantation, the commercialization of human organs is "a violation of human rights and human dignity." This horrible crime primarily affects youngsters who are homeless, street children, drug addicts, and immigrants. The recruiter, the transporter, the medical personnel, and others are those who engage in illicit organ transplantation. Therefore, children who are involved in illegal organ trafficking often have severe health problems.

 

 

The main consequences of child trafficking after death

Kids who are sold to work as slaves or be sexual slaves have worse physical, mental, and general health because of it. Children who have been stolen are said to have serious mental problems, like low self-esteem, lack of confidence, low morale, and trouble controlling themselves (UNDP, 2002). When kids are abused, they are more likely to lose their homes, have physical or mental problems, commit suicide, or feel depressed. Also, children who are victims of human trafficking are more likely to have had traumatic events or be in situations that are stressful and painful.

 

Among the slaves who lived, different signs of mental suffering were seen. These included feelings of helplessness, homelessness, hopelessness, social isolation, stigmatisation, and a high emotional risk for severe anxiety, anger, depression, abusive behaviour, low self-efficacy, depressive thoughts, social isolation, suicide, and psychosomatic illnesses like headaches, insomnia, body aches, and trouble digesting food. Children who are forced to work as prostitutes are more likely to get HIV/AIDS and other STDs because they have sexual encounters that are not safe or protected.

 

The main obstacles to stopping or outlawing child trafficking are enormous and very important. The global rate of this obnoxious crime is rising despite numerous laws and treaties. This essay discusses several obstacles that are making it harder to fight this societal ill, like a lack of knowledge and understanding of issues connected to human trafficking. Other difficulties include ineffectively enforcing laws that forbid people trafficking and a lack of coordination and collaboration between governmental and non-governmental organizations.

In a similar vein, the trafficked survivors received insufficient resources and little social service support for their safety and well-being. Another significant obstacle to solving this issue is the absence of cooperation and support on a global scale. Simultaneously, restricted resources for harsh penalties for traffickers, pimps, or brothel owners. officials' failure to take any measures to penalize the traffickers. These are the several obstacles that are making it difficult to address the issue of child trafficking.

 

 

 

ACTS AND CONSTITUTIONAL LEGAL SECTIONS THAT PROHIBIT CHILD TRAFFICKING

 

 

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Numerous parts of the Indian Penal Code and various laws aimed at ending human trafficking are in place:

1. Minor girls' procurement (Section 366-A IPC).
2. Girls imported from overseas countries (Section 366-B IPC).
3. Girls sold for prostitution (under Section 372 of the IPC).
4. Enactment Prevent Immoral Trafficking in 1956.
5. Act of 2000 for Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection).
6. The 1986 Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act.
7. Human Organ Transplantation Act of 1994.

 

 

 

Global Agreements Regarding Child Trafficking

 

 

• • The Convention on the Rights of the Child of 1989.

The treaty's main goal is to stop all kinds of child trafficking, such as forced and bonded labour, sexual abuse for money, and child trafficking. This convention's Article 28 talks about every child's right to go to school and provides safe places to treat illness and get better. Article 39, on the other hand, is all about prevention and measures. It says, "to take all appropriate measures to promote physical and psychological recovery and social reintegration of a child victim of any form of neglect, violence or abuse."

• • The Protocol on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution, and Child Pornography that can be added to the Convention on the Rights of the Child in 2000.

 

This meeting is also known as the plan for sex trafficking. It tries to raise the bar for protecting children from all kinds of sexual abuse and exploitation, as well as for improving the living conditions and respect of people who are trafficked for labour.

 

• • In 2000, a protocol was made to stop, punish, and warn against human trafficking, mainly focusing on women and children.

The Palermo Protocol adds to the Convention against Transnational Organised Crime of the United Nations. The main goal of this procedure is to help people who are being trafficked. Article 9 of this deal gives victims ways to avoid being hurt again; Article 6 gives victims money and protections for their privacy; and Article 8 says that victims can go back to their home country.

 

• • The ILO Convention on the Worst Forms of Child Labour from 1999.

 

A part of this pact is meant to protect children younger than eighteen from all kinds of slavery, forced labour, and debt bondage. It also keeps them safe from pimps and other bad people. In the same way, Article 7(2)(b) and (c) of the convention says that states must take effective steps to help trafficked children and victims of child labour, even the worst kinds,

 

 

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get back into society and recover, and they must also make sure that these children can get free basic education and the right kind of vocational training.

 

• • This is Hague Convention 33, which is the Convention on the Protection of Children and Cooperation in Respect of Adoption Between Countries.

 

The convention's goal is to protect children from being kidnapped, sold, or sex trafficked. The agreement sets up a way for states to work together on adoption. It also defends the child so they can grow up in peace and promotes a safe and healthy home life.

 

• • The Hague Convention 34, which was signed in 1996, talks about who has jurisdiction, what laws apply, how they are recognised and enforced, how people can work together, parental duty, and how to protect children.

 

This convention talks about the Hague Convention. In order to protect children, this agreement recognises the need for planning and cooperation between countries. This convention is mostly about the child's right to receive resources, to have parental rights, and to live with a parent.

 

• • In 2001, the World Congress was held to stop the sexual exploitation of children for profit.

 

The World Congress was held to promote steps to end sex trafficking among children, especially girls. It also brought attention to the things that put people at risk of being trafficked, like poverty, a high rate of illiteracy, inequality, discrimination, armed conflict, HIV/AIDS, and families that don't work well together.

 

• • Convention on Regional Agreement for the Advancement of Child Welfare, which was signed in 2002.

 

This convention asks for South Asian countries to form regionally standardised groups. This will help people learn more about children's rights, duties, and obligations, and it will also help South Asian children reach their full potential.

 

As a multidisciplinary area, social work plays a crucial role in providing marginalized individuals in the health and social care systems with essential services. A social worker must also start advocacy, suggest specialized organizations that aid victims of human trafficking, and make appropriate referrals to social care assistance. Social workers should engage with governmental and non-governmental groups to offer vital social services, such as food, shelter, medical attention, safety, and security, to survivors of human trafficking.

In the same vein, social workers assist victims and their families in receiving specialized counseling to help them manage their physical and mental health issues and learn how to deal with their horrific experiences. Social professionals may strive to help victims of human trafficking reestablish positive social skills and re-establish supportive and cooperative relationships with their family members. Conversely, social workers might inform the public about the dangers of human trafficking and slavery and highlight the elements that increase an individual's chance of becoming a victim of these crimes.

 

 

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Evaluations of Correlated Works

In his research, Jean D'Chunha (1998) critically examines the scope and severity of sex trafficking and prostitution in South Asian nations. He thought that somewhere between 70,000 and 2 million women were prostituting. The author says that human trafficking, kidnapping, false job offers, fake marriage contracts, friendships, and prostitute sales are the main ways that women and children are sexually exploited for money.

Krishna Prasad (2006) looked at India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, and Nepal and found that the problem of trafficking in persons is similar in India to other South Asian countries. India is where people who traffic men, women, and children for work or sexual abuse come from, go through, and end up. Kids are made to work as camel jockeys by Indian men and women who are trafficked to Middle Eastern countries and put to work against their will. Women and children are trafficked from Bangladesh to India or to Pakistan and the Middle East through India in order to be made to work or be sexually exploited in the home.

 

In his study of human trafficking in the state of Andhra Pradesh in 2006, Madhusudhana talked about how it was getting worse in India. His words: Trafficking women has been called the "dark side of globalisation" and has become a part of international organised crime. Due to the fact that human trafficking is illegal, it is hard to say how many women and children are taken for sexual abuse. He also thought that the criminal trade in people around the world had grown a lot in the last ten years. He came to the conclusion that there was a link between trafficking, poverty, hard times, and unfair treatment of women. He says that discrimination against girls also puts their health and safety at risk, forces them to get married and have children early, keeps them from going to school, and keeps them from making money. He agrees that women are much more likely to be harmed than men because many tribal traditions ban them from owning property, which is how most people in rural areas make money. "The victims face the reality of being infected with HIV/AIDS in addition to the danger of being psychologically abused," he says at the end of his paper. There is also a chance that after a few years of being victims, they will start to seek out victims. He said that women are more likely to be victims of human trafficking because they face more stigma and abuse when they return to society, both from other people in the community and from their own families.

 

Girls and women from Bangladesh and Nepal are also brought to India to be sexually exploited for money. The government of Nepal often sends children to India to work as forced labour in circus shows. Indian women who are being trafficked are sent to the Middle East to be sexually exploited for money. Each year, tens of thousands of Indians go to the Middle East and Europe on their own to find work as housekeepers and people with low skills. These travellers might end up working in the trade of trafficking people. In some cases, workers may have been "recruited" through dishonest means that forced them to work, such as debt bondage. In other cases, high debts from recruitment fees put them at risk of being exploited by dishonest employers in their new countries, where some face conditions of involuntary servitude, such as not being paid wages, being unable to move around, having their passports taken away illegally, and being physically or sexually abused.

 

The two main Indian laws that specifically deal with prostitution and trafficking are:

 

 

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• The 1956 SITA (Suppression of Immoral Trafficking in Women and Girls Act) and
• An addition to SITA is the Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act of 1986 (ITPA), sometimes known as PITA.

 

 

While neither legislation expressly forbids prostitutes, they both forbid soliciting and commercialized vice. In addition to not being enforced, SITA has various other issues. One of its disadvantages is that the stipulated penalties discriminate based on sex: a pimp risks three months in jail, while prostitutes—who are defined under SITA as always being women—face up to a year in prison if they are arrested for solicitation under the law. SITA only permitted the prosecution of individuals who were not prostitutes if they had "knowingly" or "willingly" forced women into prostitution. Hence, to avoid prosecution, pimps, brothel owners, madams, and procurers might pretend not to know about prostitution. Furthermore, the client was not considered an offender and therefore not subject to SITA sanctions. Finally, SITA primarily handled prostitutes on the streets; it did not address prostitution that took place behind closed doors, which was a gap that helped foster the emergence of brothels.

Implementing best practices

Sensitization of all those involved in the criminal justice system, such as judicial officers, prosecutors, medical specialists, and police officers, is necessary to effectively enforce the current law. Additionally, collaboration with NGOs is necessary to guarantee law enforcement, rescue operations, preventative strategies, counselling services, rehabilitation programmes, reintegration initiatives, social empowerment efforts, and more.

• Mandatory registration of births with a particular emphasis on vulnerable regions.
• Over 70% of victims are from Scheduled communities and lower communities.
• Come up with a way to keep track of where missing people are across district and state lines.
• Setting up a record on trafficking.
• Developing precise protocols for investigating and prosecuting trafficking cases.
• Identifying locations in need of legal improvements regarding trafficking.
• Collaboration among various state police departments operating in this area.
• Permanently shutting down brothels with a history of repeated crimes.
• Better care for victims in centres run by the government.
• There will be a Victim Compensation Fund set up to help people with job training, grants, loans, and other things.
• Establishment of Community Vigilant groups in high-risk locations.
• Children in red-light areas can go to drop-in centres and get care at night.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Actions/Initiatives of the Ministry of Women and Child Development (MWCD)

 

 

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A lot of work has been done by the Ministry of Women and Child Development (MWCD) to stop the trafficking of women and children.

• In 1998, the National Plan of Action to Combat Trafficking and Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Women and Children tried to help victims of trafficking become part of society again.
• A Central Advisory Committee (CAB) was established to guide strategies and tactics to tackle the issue.
• Stakeholders were given guidelines that explained what to do before, during, and after rescuing a child who has been trafficked for sexual abuse for money.
• The Ministry of Home Affairs has established a specialised nodal cell to provide state governments with essential research, studies, and information.
• Providing training to many stakeholders, including police and government officials, to enhance their comprehension of situations and enable them to respond effectively to suspicious activities or individuals.
• The MWCD runs Shelter-based Short Stay Homes and Swadhar Homes for women who are going through tough times.
• The Ministry of Foreign Affairs and MWCD have worked together to set up task teams to deal with cross-border trafficking.

The UN's Protocol includes various rules designed to prohibit trafficking. State parties must create policies, programmes, and other measures to stop trafficking and safeguard trafficked individuals from being victimized again. Vulnerable environments of inequality and injustice, along with the exploitation of victims by traffickers, result in significant harm and multiple rights breaches for trafficked individuals. Hence, policies, plans, and strategies aimed at prevention must be tailored to address these specific concerns.

• Preventing trafficking in source areas at a small scale necessitates a collaborative effort between law enforcement and non-governmental organizations. Public awareness efforts and community participation are crucial for preventative programs. The most effective way to prevent crime is through community policing.
• Raising legal awareness is a crucial aspect of every social action program. Legal awareness empowers individuals by informing them of their rights and enables them to enhance and enforce these rights to foster a culture of zero tolerance for abuse and exploitation.
• Gender discrimination and a patriarchal worldview significantly contribute to the vulnerability of women and girls. Several major violations of women's rights include high rates of female feticide and infanticide, as well as discrimination against women in healthcare, education, and work. As these vulnerability indicators initiate trafficking, preventative strategies should be tailored accordingly.
• Helplines and help booths are crucial for offering prompt assistance to individuals in trouble. The Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment is contemplating a partnership between government agencies and NGOs to establish helplines and assistance booths to offer prompt support to child victims. It would be suitable to connect Child lines nationwide, child rights NGOs, missing person bureaus, and police helplines to create a powerful instrument against trafficking.

 

 

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• Immigration personnel at the borders should be trained to collaborate with the police and NGOs focused on combating trafficking.
• Natural disasters and human-made disruptions worsen the vulnerability position. Hence, relief and aftercare efforts should include distinct components that prioritize the rights of women and children.
• Political will is crucial for combating trafficking.
• The most effective preventative technique involves integrating it with prosecution and protection. Prosecution involves tasks such as identifying traffickers, bringing them to justice, and collecting their illegal riches. Protecting trafficking victims involves addressing their concerns to help them survive, rehabilitate, and establish themselves. Prosecution and protection both have a role in prevention.
• The plan should focus on addressing ways to make a living and opportunities by focusing on programmes to end poverty and illiteracy. In places where CSE may seem like the only option, women and children should be given special packages. Increasing skills and giving power to weak groups should be the main goals of education and other services.

Women trafficking and its ramifications are not limited to distant locations and other individuals' issues. This issue is prevalent in our everyday lives and occurs not only in Winnipeg but also in nearly every other "civilized" metropolis worldwide. Poverty and illiteracy are the primary factors that provide the foundation for trafficking. In the past few years, there have been a lot more non-governmental organisations working in this area.

Nevertheless, many of these organizations are situated in urban areas, and just a small number have direct contact with local communities. The issue of women trafficking has a global impact, affecting numerous countries and businesses. Despite the efforts of individuals and organizations worldwide to address this problem, it may take a considerable amount of time before the entire magnitude of this issue is recognized.

 

As things stand, there is a clear lack of organisation and togetherness in the country. It doesn't look like the rescue groups and rehabilitation groups are working together well, no matter if the trafficking is happening within a state, between states, or across countries. The issue of lost women and children has always been looked at separately, and it has never been linked to human trafficking.

There is currently no shared platform that connects prevention initiatives between the locations where a problem originates and the areas where it ends up. The lack of a centralized coordinating/monitoring agency at the national level has significantly hindered the administration of justice and the safeguarding of human rights. Thus, to safeguard the well- being of the victims, facilitate efficient collaboration at the national level, and harmonize efforts in preventing trafficking, it is imperative to establish a national central authority dedicated to combating trafficking.

 

 

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CONCLUSION

Human trafficking is a highly abhorrent manifestation of organized criminal activity that has permeated nearly every nation worldwide. It is a malevolent act that has rendered existence for millions of individuals as arduous as the circumstances in hell. Individuals that engage in this particular manifestation of the modern-day slave trade have experienced a complete deprivation of their inherent humanity. Engaging in the pursuit of personal interests and pleasures can have negative consequences for an individual's moral principles, ethos, and sense of belonging within the broader human community. Impoverished and vulnerable populations have been subjected to victimization, leading to their exclusion from the human race and their commodification in the market, akin to animals and vegetables. They find no real importance or value in exercising their legal rights and accessing the court system. The expansion of techniques, processes, means, and methods involved with this crime, as well as the rate of involvement, can be attributed to several factors including resource scarcity, high market demand, limited income opportunities, and an inefficient legal oversight system. Hence, it is imperative to establish a comprehensive structure that facilitates meticulous surveillance and monitoring, alongside robust interventions and unwavering dedication, to collectively strive towards the complete elimination of this criminal activity on a global scale.

 

Criminal activity involving trafficking of people is a social and judicial problem that shows a deeper problem with evil in our society. As a result, there is no quick fix for this problem. There are a lot of problems with finding and measuring trafficking cases, which makes it harder to stop. However, there are a number of steps that can be taken in this direction, and if they are done correctly, they should lead to good results. Because the problem is multifaceted, it needs to be solved by taking a widespread and open approach to prevention. Due to the fluid nature of travel and movement in the modern world, it is clear that the problem of human trafficking cannot be solved by the governments of individual countries.

 

While countries work together and coordinate their efforts, it is still important for national governments to take a variety of short- and long-term steps to successfully fight trafficking:

1. It is very important to make programmes and policies that cover both the obvious and hidden aspects of trafficking, while also taking into account the unique situations and realities of each country or area. It is very important to focus on the core reasons of the problems that make women and children vulnerable. In this case, it would be very helpful to have a region-specific vulnerability mapping that includes the places where trafficking starts, where it ends, and where it travels. So, it would be wrong to say that countries can't stop trafficking in people until they make certain "structural transformations." This argument is often used to tell governments and political elites not to take instant or short-term action, which leads to escapism. It's important to remember that structural change in socialist countries around the world did not always lead to fewer cases of human trafficking and other types of violence against women.

 

1. To mitigate the risk of re-trafficking, it is imperative to implement suitable systems that safeguard and rehabilitate the rescued victims. The current imperative necessitates worldwide coordination and collaboration among diverse parties. The consideration of anti-trafficking measures should extend beyond the sole focus on a country's national security. Consequently, matters such as migration or repatriation should be examined from both legal and human rights standpoints. Specifically, it is imperative to safeguard the human rights of victims during the execution of expeditious rescue efforts. This

 

 

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should not impede the power to implement rigorous and expeditious measures against the actual perpetrators of trafficking and exploitation. This may necessitate the revision and reformulation of the pertinent legislation of nations under global norms, with the development of suitable training modules to raise awareness among law enforcement personnel.

 

 

 

1. The process of reintegrating a victim of trafficking into her original family or community poses significant challenges. Therefore, it is crucial to raise awareness among rural communities about the importance of treating victims with respect and dignity. The effective enforcement of legislation necessitates a shift in societal attitudes towards victims of trafficking. Civil society, women's organizations, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and the media should actively contribute to supporting the brave victims who have the bravery to file complaints against the perpetrators and identify the traffickers in a legal setting. There is a need for collaborative efforts between social and legal institutions to effectively combat organized crime.

 

1. Governments should develop comprehensive programs with adequate financial assistance to facilitate the reintegration of trafficking victims into society, enabling them to regain a normal, healthy, and satisfying life through the provision of education and professional training. The establishment of alternative economic alternatives is necessary to effectively mitigate the recurrence of human trafficking. The enhancement of networks among non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and other entities dedicated to combating trafficking, the establishment of counseling centers, legal centers, and helplines, as well as the provision of sufficient shelter and rehabilitation homes, can significantly contribute to the resolution of issues faced by trafficking victims.

 

1. Undoubtedly, structural problems such as poverty, unemployment, unequal labor market access, limited income options, and lack of access to market-driven opportunities in developing countries are fundamental drivers of trafficking. Therefore, it is imperative to enhance the economic circumstances of families experiencing financial difficulties by effectively implementing poverty alleviation initiatives, promoting rural industrialization, facilitating infrastructure development, optimizing the utilization of local resources for productive endeavors, and pursuing an inclusive development strategy. The prioritization of microfinance and self-help organizations is vital to enhance the economic circumstances of mothers and subsequently improve the socio-economic status of female offspring. Additionally, this may impede their ability to travel to far and unfamiliar locations to provide financial support for their family members.

 

1. The longstanding tradition of underage marriage and dowry in South-East Asia necessitates more robust legal and societal scrutiny. These patriarchal structures not only diminish the social standing of a female kid but also establish a setting that sustains gender disparity. Challenging the structural inequity of a patriarchal society is crucial, and this can be initiated by implementing any alternative approach that promotes the comprehensive empowerment of women.

 

 

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1. Insufficient literacy and knowledge among the socioeconomically disadvantaged segments of society is an additional factor contributing to trafficking. Hence, it is imperative to enhance the fundamental capacities of women and children by promoting awareness, improving healthcare, and ensuring mandatory education up to the secondary level. Concurrently, it is imperative to engage in persistent and robust advocacy efforts to raise awareness among the media and ensure that individuals, especially those who are economically disadvantaged, stay vigilant regarding the traffickers. To provide value-neutral instruction on gender issues, reproductive health, human rights, social environment, and similar topics, it may be necessary to provide a mandatory social science course at the school level. This has the potential to cultivate a novel cohort of students who will begin to internalize the highly sought-after objectives of gender equality and safeguarding human rights within the dynamic global landscape.

 

1. To prohibit the trade of women, it is necessary to exercise constant monitoring to monitor the sex trade in urban areas and tourist attractions. The establishment of distinct monitoring boards in various risk regions and tourism zones is vital for this objective. In addition to monitoring the hotel industry, the boards can also oversee other tasks, such as monitoring the adverse effects of tourism on the local ecology. Implementing community policing would effectively mitigate the divide between law enforcement agencies and the general populace. It is imperative to provide training and raise awareness among the police, NGOs, and other pertinent organizations regarding this matter. Neighbourhood Watch Groups can be established in areas with high vulnerability to ensure vigilant monitoring of neighbors without encroaching upon their privacy. These groups have the ability to effectively create challenges for recruiters. The newly established Anti-Trafficking Units in five Indian states have had significant success in documenting crimes, rescuing women and children, and apprehending traffickers.

 

1. Nevertheless, the proposition of community policing does not diminish the significance of assertive and prompt law enforcement measures. There is a need for comprehensive training programs aimed at enhancing the sensitivity of law enforcement agents towards the complexities associated with human trafficking. In order to effectively address the issue of sex tourism and prevent the dissemination of pornographic films, obscene picture books, online advertisements, bonded labor, child labor, and other forms of trafficking, it is imperative to implement regular police raids, apprehend actual traffickers, and maintain a high level of surveillance. Regular inspections should be conducted on the operations of roadside restaurants, hotels, massage parlors, and dhabas.

 

1. Employers should be required to register the names of domestic servants with local police stations. Likewise, it is imperative to establish a compulsory need for parents residing in rural regions to maintain regular communication with the local administration regarding the employment locations of their family members, in order to facilitate secure migration. It is important to consider that the implementation of restrictive migration laws by the state increases the susceptibility of women to trafficking. Therefore, it is imperative to safeguard the rights of migrants while combating traffickers.

 

 

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1. Traffickers aren't being prosecuted enough and the police aren't doing their jobs well, which has led to the growth of this rich trade. Because of this, it is important to make the legal system and law enforcement in countries like India work better. At the moment, it is illegal for sex workers in India to ask for money. A recent effort to change relevant parts of the Indian Penal Code (ITPA) so that prostitutes can't be arrested has caused a lot of controversy because it wants to punish clients. But what are the problems with following through on the law's orders (found in sections 2 and 13 of the Information Technology and Privacy Act) to make sure that both the central and state governments hire enough full-time "special police officers" and "trafficking police officers"? Historically, governments have mostly gotten around this legal requirement by giving the police officers they already have extra duties. However, police surveillance and rescue attempts have often not been successful because they did not have the right infrastructure, resources, or staff. In the same way, governments should think about setting up special courts with extra staff and judges to speed up the process of handling trafficking cases. Sections 22A and 22AA of the ITPA also include similar measures. A set amount of time for ending a hearing should be enough to make sure that justice is done quickly. Anti-Human Trafficking Units must be set up right away in all states and Union Territories to improve law enforcement, encourage teamwork, and deal with the most important parts of PPP (Prevention, Protection, and Prosecution). It is important to remember that the ITPA does not require NGOs to help rescue and care for victims. Additionally, law enforcement agencies around the world need to recognise and combat child trafficking as a separate crime from other types of trafficking. Also, rehabilitating and sending back home girls who have been trafficked from other countries must be a priority. This can only be done through bilateral procedures. Given that giving victims rights might actually stop trafficking, it is very important for governments to think carefully about putting in place a comprehensive migration strategy that protects victims. Finally, states need to deal with the problem of police officers not being accountable and set up a system that rewards good behaviour and punishes bad behaviour.

 

 

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REFERENCES

• • “HUMAN TRAFFICKING OF WOMAN AND CHILDREN SUBMITTED BY

Vishnu V Mega Sri S Karishma R Batch 2022-2027” (Research Gate ).

 

• • Ghosh B, “Trafficking in Women and Children in India: Nature, Dimensions and Strategies for Prevention” (International Journal of Human Rights/˜ The œinternational journal of         Human                       Rights,    December        1,                    2009) https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235560679_Trafficking_in_women_and_ch ildren_in_India_nature_dimensions_and_strategies_for_prevention

 

• • Rashi, “Child Trafficking In India: Aftermath Effects and Challenges” (research gate., March 2018) /www.iosrjournals.org/iosr- jhss/papers/Vol.%2023%20Issue3/Version-6/E2303062024.pdf> accessed April 25, 2024.

 

• • “HUMAN TRAFFICKING IN INDIA: WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO WOMEN”

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5OTgmaW5zaWQ9NTE5Nw&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=3&fclid=3ea1a585-ae0f-68e4- 13ab- b192af096998&psq=HUMAN+TRAFFICKING+IN+INDIA%3a+WITH+SPECIAL

+REFERENCE+TO+WOMEN+Ashish+Kumar+Singh+%2c+Dr.+Sandhya+Verma+ Student+%2c+Assistant+Professor+B.A.LL.B%2c+Law+College+Dehradun+Uttaran chal+University+(India)&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuamV0aXIub3JnL3BhcGVycy9 KRVRJUjE5MDM2MTkucGRm&ntb=1, March 2019)

/www.jetir.org/papers/JETIR1903619.pdf> accessed April 25, 2024.

 

• • “WOMEN TRAFFICKING IN INDIA - A CRITICAL ANALYSIS”

(https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=e0b3e919e150b852JmltdHM9MTcxNDAwMzIw MCZpZ3VpZD0zZWExYTU4NS1hZTBmLTY4ZTQtMTNhYi1iMTkyYWYwOTY

5OTgmaW5zaWQ9NTIwMg&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=3&fclid=3ea1a585-ae0f-68e4- 13ab-b192af096998&psq=WOMEN+TRAFFICKING+IN+INDIA+-

+A+CRITICAL+ANALYSIS+Dr.Saraswati+Raju+Iyer+Research+Guide%2c+Assist ant+Professor%2c+Department+of+Sociology+and+Social+Work%2c+Acharya+Nag arjuna+University%2c+Guntur%2c+Andhra+Pradesh+Mrs.N.Radha+Ph.D+Research

+Scholar%2c+Department+of+Sociology+and+Social+Work%2c+Acharya+Nagarju na+University%2c+Guntur%2c+Andhra+Pradesh&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9zaGFubGF4 am91cm5hbHMuaW4vcGRmL0FTSC9WNE4yL0FzaF9WNF9OMl8wMTcucGRm& ntb=1, October 2016)

accessed April 25, 2024.