A CRITICAL STUDY ON EMPOWERING YOUTH AS AGENTS OF PEACE

 

AUTHORED BY - MOHAN KUMAR N.

 

 

 

Abstract:

Young people are frequently ‘othered’ in discussions about conflict. This is a dangerous practice as youths can play a very positive role aiding peace building in societies recovering from conflict. They also have multi-faceted roles. Youths can be heroes as well as victims, saviours and courageous in the midst of crisis, as well as criminals in the shantytowns and military entrepreneurs in the war zones. Yet, as a category, youth are often approached as a fixed group or demographic cohort. The positioning of youth in society has a bearing on their leadership potential and their possible role in peace building. The tension between young and old has been one of the key features of inter-generational shifts pertaining to the control over power, resources and people. For much of human social interaction, the category called ‘youth’ has been perceived as a historically constructed social category, a relational concept, and as a group of actors that is far from homogenous. A myriad of factors make childhood and youth highly heterogeneous categories in terms of gender, class, race, ethnicity, political position as well as age. Object of this paper is how youths are playing a vital role for building of peace, what are the actions taken by UNO in connection of youth for peace and how youth can solve the conflicts and establish peace in the universe. 

 

Key Words: Youth, Security, Peace, UNO, Security Council, Development. 

 

Youth are among the first victims of radicalization and conflict. Their participation in the prevention and resolution of disputes is therefore essential for the building of sustainable peace. As political leaders closest to a country’s youth, young parliamentarians have a key role in addressing drivers of conflict and contributing to solutions.

 

Building on UN Security Council resolution 2250 adopted in 2015, which sets out international commitments on youth, peace and security, we work with young parliamentarians to help galvanize their action to prevent violent extremism and contribute to reconciliation and peace building.

 

One pillar of our activities is to raise awareness and coordinate action through regional and international meetings. For example, in a series of meetings on preventing violent extremism, young parliamentarians committed to enhance legislative and oversight action to strengthen youth engagement in the establishment and implementation of plans of action to prevent violent extremism. This also includes addressing the drivers of extremism, such as lack of socioeconomic opportunities for young people, discrimination and marginalization.

 

We also brought a parliamentary perspective to broader international efforts to enhance policies for youth, peace and security through the participation of young MPs at United Nations meetings and research. For example, we contributed to the United Nations progress study for UNSC resolution 2250. Informed by extensive interviews with young parliamentarians from around the world, our recommendations included the establishment and reinforcement of linkages between youth and parliament, as well as the use of young parliamentarians as mediators and as promoters of dialogue in divided societies.

 

Whether in the prevention of violent extremism or conflict resolution, a common theme throughout our work is that for youth to be part of the solution, they need to be effective participants in political fora. Another reason why enhancing youth representation in parliaments is so important. On 9 December 2015, the UN Security Council unanimously adopted Resolution 2250 - it’s first-ever resolution on Youth, Peace and Security - thereby recognising the importance of the positive contributions that young people are making for the maintenance and promotion of international peace and security. Furthermore, it affirmed the important role that youth need to assume in the prevention and resolution of conflicts and called for the engagement of youth as partners and leaders at all levels of decision-making and peace building processes. Since then, progress studies such as “The Missing Peace” and the two subsequent resolutions (UNSCR 2419 and UNSCR 2535), have called for additional measures to increase the influence and participation of youth in peace building processes. Specifically, The Missing Peace urges the international community to “invest in the capacities, agency and leadership of young people”. It has thus become clear that education, training and capacity building of both youth and their counterparts at local, national and regional levels are essential to translate the resolutions on Youth, Peace and Security from the halls of the United Nations to policymakers, actors and change-agents at the ground level.

 

The Youth, Peace and Security agenda highlights five pillars for action related to young people's contribution to peace processes and conflict resolution:

1. Participation
2. Protection
3. Prevention
4. Partnership
5. Disengagement and Reintegration[1]

 

Over the recent years, UNITAR (United Nations Institute for Training and Research) has consolidated its offer in the thematic area of Youth Empowerment. Recognising the synergies between the SDGs (in particular 4, 5, 7, 10, 16 and 17) and in line with the priorities of the Youth, Peace and Security agenda, UNITAR supports youth and youth counterparts by developing capacities of individuals, organisations and institutions to enhance youths’ potential to meet their communities most pressing peacebuilding needs. We are always open to expanding the ways that we can support actors in contributing to the empowerment of young people and have to date supported partners in various capacities, including training and facilitation, training of trainers, advisory and coaching and mentoring, on a constantly expanding range of topics.

 

Contribution of UNESCO for Development of Youth:

Drawing on existing activities and new proposals, UNESCO is launching a broad new  integrated  framework  of  action  that  is  guided  by  a  common  objective:  to  equip young women and men with knowledge, skills and values that empower them to live peaceful, constructive and productive lives, to engage as responsible global citizens and to be resilient to any form of abuse or manipulation, including radicalization and violent extremism. In the context of this new integrated framework, UNESCO has recently launched the #Unite4Heritage campaign. At  a  time  when  irreplaceable  cultural  heritage  sites  and  cultural  expressions  are  increasingly  under  attack  seeks  to  raise  awareness,  especially  among  youth,  to  draw  attention  to  the  importance of cultural diversity and strengthening knowledge of world cultures. Empowering youth to actively participate in cultural life and equipping learners to become responsible global citizens is vital to forging more fair, inclusive and peaceful societies. Digital technologies and the Internet, which impact on the way cultural diversity is expressed and perceived, as well as on how young people learn and express themselves, represent  an  opportunity  to  respond  to  the  challenge  of  radicalization,  including  through  safeguarding  heritage  and  global  citizenship  education.  As part of the Unite for Heritage campaign, UNESCO has developed partnerships with arts institutions and youth organizations. In addition, as part of the integrated framework, UNESCO will engage with States in the Arab region with  a  view  to  strengthening  education  in  the  humanities  –  notably  the  teaching  and  learning  of  history, geography and the social sciences.  Humanities foster essential skills for youth integration, such as critical thinking, research and creativity, as well as openness, tolerance and respect of one’s own history and culture, as well as that of others. By equipping young people with such knowledge, skills and values, education can play a critical role in enabling them to expand their choices and be resilient to any form of manipulation and radicalization. The project detailed below is part of this new integrated framework of action by UNESCO.

 

Building Skills, Bolstering Peace:

This new project is part of the new integrated framework of action by UNESCO to support young people in building new forms of global solidarity, including online, and in resisting and countering radicalization and violent extremism.  Working  with  all  its  partners,  UNESCO  also  conceives  this  as  part  of  international  efforts1  to  strengthen  the  positive  role of youth engagement in societies across the world. This  action  will  support  youth  civic  engagement  and  participation  in  peace building  and  the  promotion  of  cultural  diversity  and  intercultural/interreligious  understanding  by  empowering  and  mobilizing  youth  organizations,  youth  online  communities  and  networks,  as  well  as  other  relevant  stakeholders  (policy-makers,  researchers,  media  professionals and social workers). This new component will mobilize the Organization at multiple levels, working through new activities and drawing on existing programmes – undertaken throughout 2015 and until December 2017.The objective is to provide a framework  for  action  that  will  mobilize  UNESCO  at  multiple  levels  to  empower  young women and men with values,  knowledge,  capacities  and skills to hold exchanges, communicate  online  and  cooperate  across  social  and  cultural boundaries, enabling them  to  become  responsible  global citizens and mobilizing critical  thinking  to  counter  radicalization  and  online  enrolment,  including  violent  extremism.

 

This new project is part of the new integrated framework of action by UNESCO to support young people in building new forms of global solidarity, including online, and in resisting and  countering  radicalization  and  violent  extremism.  Working  with  all  its  partners,  UNESCO  also  conceives  this  as  part  of  international  efforts1  to  strengthen  the  positive  role of youth engagement in societies across the world. This  action  will  support  youth  civic  engagement  and  participation  in  peace building  and  the  promotion  of  cultural  diversity  and  intercultural/interreligious  understanding  by  empowering  and  mobilizing  youth  organizations,  youth  online  communities  and  networks,  as  well  as  other  relevant  stakeholders  (policy-makers,  researchers,  media  professionals and social workers). This new component will mobilize the Organization at multiple levels, working through new activities and drawing on existing programmes – undertaken throughout 2015 and until December 2017.

 

The objective is to provide a framework  for  action  that  will  mobilize  UNESCO  at  multiple  levels  to  empower  young women and men with values,  knowledge,  capacities  and skills to hold exchanges, communicate  online  and  cooperate  across  social  and  cultural boundaries, enabling them  to  become  responsible  global citizens and mobilizing critical  thinking  to  counter  radicalization  and  online  enrolment,  including  violent  extremism[2].

 

Interventions are articulated around four axes:

• Supporting multidisciplinary research on linkages between youth, Internet, radicalization/de-radicalization, as well as research-informed policies and actions;
• Empowering youth online communities and key youth stakeholders on topics relevant to  counter-radicalization,  by  building  their  competencies  and  skills  and  by  equipping  them with creative tools and knowledge;
• Strengthening  mobilization  and  cooperation  between  media  professionals  and  practitioners to combat radicalization and online hate speech, with a focus on countries suffering tensions and conflict situations;
• Supporting creative media campaigns and outreach strategies targeting policy-makers and opinion-makers as well as the general public (including young audiences).Core  actions  will  be  implemented  mainly  at  the  national  and  local  levels,  with  gender  sensitivity mainstreamed throughout all activities.© CC by 2.0 AFS-USA Intercultural Programs.

 

UNESCO will  support  the  consolidation  of  existing  international  expertise  in  order  to  understand  the  root  causes  of  radicalization,  and  extremist  violence,  including  focusing  on  the  effective  and  evidence-based  linkages  between  youth  online/offline  behaviours, their use of the Internet, online radicalization as well as the protection of freedom of expression and universal access to information, applying a gender-sensitive approach. In addition, UNESCO will support the establishment of a pool of international experts to assist in clarifying concepts and practices, designing contextualized policies and evaluating the impact of  national/local  strategies  tackling  radicalization  and  online  enrolment  of  young  people.  UNESCO will support action-oriented research related to de-radicalization and approaches facilitating the social reintegration of youth who have turned to extreme violence. In this regard, the International MIL and Intercultural Dialogue University Network will support global research focused on young people’s competencies to deal with intolerance online and offline, their attitude towards radical and extremist content online  and  ideological  content  in  the  media,  all  while  applying  a  gender-sensitive  approach.  Moreover, rigorous  Media  and  Information  Literacy  (MIL)  assessments  of  country  readiness  and  teacher  competencies  will  be  conducted.  These will serve to assess the levels of understanding of Global Citizenship and identify the gaps and data for concrete interventions to empower youth. This MIL-focused research will contribute to  the  formulation  of  Information  Society  Policy  modules  based  on  the  National  Information  Society  Policy  Templates  developed  within  the  framework of UNESCO’s  intergovernmental Information for All Programme (IFAP). National adaptation of these modules will be conducted through consultations. UNESCO  will  advocate  for  shared  policy  positioning  and  evidence-based  messaging between key regional/international institutions (i.e. UNESCO, UNDP, Anna Lindh Foundation, Council of Europe, etc.) highlighting the positive role of young women and men in  countering  radicalization  and  in  building  lasting  peace,  while  promoting  intercultural  dialogue, freedom of expression and universal access to information and knowledge via the Internet. Such coordinated initiatives will help to positively influence national policies on youth and involve a wide range of youth stakeholders. The role of young women and men as key stakeholders in the shaping of national information and knowledge policy strategies and frameworks is not adequately addressed or appreciated neither by youth, policy-makers  not  other  stakeholders  (developers  and  other actors in the online media and ICT industry). Through IFAP, specific efforts aimed at providing avenues for dialogue and collaboration between youth representatives and other stakeholders involved in the national, regional and global policy debate in the Knowledge Societies space will be advocated. Attention will be given to supporting capacity building of youth across the six strategic priority areas of IFAP (information accessibility, information for development, information ethics, information literacy, information preservation and  multilingualism in cyberspace) to empower them to articulate concerns in policy fora and to participate in these processes. Emphasis will be given to the needs of youth in developing countries and within marginalized groups (with specific attention to  gender,  youth  with  disabilities, as well as youth in rural and remote areas).

 

Empowering Youth Online Communities:

Empowering Youth Online Communities and key youth stakeholders on topics of   capacity-building   online   tools, empowering   selected   community managers as well as young web administrators to become central actors (and key multipliers) in preventing, reporting and responding to online radicalization messages, and allowing self-monitoring  and  awareness  of  threats  related  to  violent  extremisms.  The tools will be available in  several  languages  and  can  be  used  by  a  variety  of  youth  organizations  and  stakeholders.  Courses and trainings  have  already  been  developed  but  a  more  comprehensive  approach  with  a  particular  focus  on  young  women  and  men  is  needed.  This should build on existing training  and  incorporate  the  latest  thinking.2  The  project will include various online youth-friendly Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs), “edutainment” (education and entertainment) videos, specific visuals/messaging on social media  oriented  towards  human  rights  education.  Materials will  be  based  on  thematic  entry  points  that  are  relevant  to  tackling  online  hate  speech  and  radicalization:  media  and  information  literacy,  education  on  cultural  diversity  and  shared  cultural  heritage,  intercultural  competencies,  global  citizenship,  peace-building,  conflict  resolution  and  critical thinking.

 

A youth-friendly pedagogical online and face-to-face programme about the importance of safeguarding  cultural  heritage  and  promoting  cultural  diversity  will  be  implemented  among  existing  UNESCO  youth  networks,  to  promote  mutual  understanding  and  a  sense  of  common  belonging to universal heritage and values, as well as intercultural dialogue and peace. Of particular relevance will be the World Heritage Volunteers Initiative. Within its framework, five Youth Action Camps will be held for 150 young national and/or international volunteers in five different locations directly related to World Heritage sites worldwide in collaboration with local youth organizations, NGOs and communities[3].

 

Strengthening Mobilization and Cooperation between Media Professionals to combat radicalization and online hate speech, with a focus on countries suffering tensions and conflict situations:

The Bureau of the IPDC will launch a call for proposals, consider and select the best ones on areas that are closely linked to the issues covered by the UNESCO June Conference and identified for follow up, including: Countering hate speech in media  and  social  media,  with  a  focus  on  countries  in  crisis. The media face the risk of becoming, consciously or unconsciously, a vehicle for hate speech. The need for accurate and truthful reporting becomes essential. It also becomes essential to understand the limitations of free media with regards to hate speech, while keeping responses to the problem proportionate and balanced. Promoting best practices, conducting rigorous monitoring and improving professional standards in media coverage are all priority actions in this area. This could include dialogue on self-regulation in media (including social media platforms); as well as targeted youth and social-media campaigns in the framework of capacity building for Media and Information Literacy.

 

Promoting conflict-sensitive journalism practices, including in journalism schools:  In countries affected by conflict and overall insecurity, the media has an important role to play  in  promoting  human  rights,  peace,  dialogue  and  conflict  resolution  through  the  gathering  of  neutral,  non-partisan  information.  To report reliable and unbiased information to the public, it is essential to have high professional standards and a deep understanding of conflict and conflict-resolution theories and practices. Promoting cross-cultural dialogue among journalists. Nearly two-thirds of all conflicts in the world have a cultural component.  Unavoidably, the media  reflect  tensions  in  society  (religion,  diversity, migration, etc.) and have a critical role to  play  in  improving  citizens’  understanding  of  such  sensitive  issues,  without  contributing  to  polarizing communities or “fanning the flames”. Safety of journalists. In light of the increased violent attacks around the world, a series of projects involving young journalists will be identified in strategic countries.  In this regard, priority will be given to initiatives that further the objectives of the UN Plan of Action on the Safety of Journalists and the Issue of Impunity, as well as the application of the UNESCO Journalism Safety Indicators.  

 

This component  will  facilitate  the  involvement  of  young  leaders,  young  ambassadors  selected  among  past  participants  of  the  Anna  Lindh  Foundation’s  project  Young  Arab  Voices,  recipients  of  ALF’s  Mediterranean  Journalist  Awards,  trainees  of  the  capacity-building programme developed under this proposed pilot project, as well as other key stakeholders. In  order  to  strengthen  this  component,  workshops  helping  young  women  and men to develop skills to communicate through media will also be planned. It should be noted that the Global Forum on Youth, Peace and Security, which will be held in Jordan on  21-22  August  2015,  also  foresees,  as  one  of  its  main  outcomes,  the  launch  of  a  global  multimedia and communication campaign aimed at highlighting the extraordinary efforts of  young  people  who  are  shaping  their  communities  constructively  despite  the  violence  and risks they face. It would be important to link the two communication campaigns. The abovementioned lines of action will be supported through the production of innovative, interactive and appealing tools, resources and communication materials, led by  UNESCO,  NET-MED  Youth  national  working  groups,  the  Anna  Lindh  Foundation  and  other partners[4].

 

Beneficiaries

• Youth networks and online communities;
• young  women  and  men,  trained  on  MIL,  the  safeguarding  of  cultural  heritage  and  promotion  of  cultural  diversity,  and  their  positive  roles  as  global  citizens  and  contributors to peace from the identified project countries;
• Regional media institutions;
• Education  stakeholders  and  policy-makers  from  countries  where  radicalization  threats are growing
• Young  women  and  men  and  learners  with  disabilities  from  developing  countries,  trained  to  develop  smart  mobile  apps,  generating  pathways  for  future  learning  or  launching small businesses;
• Practitioners (Civil  Society  leaders,  teachers  and  policy-makers,  youth  leaders,  media and information professionals, including bloggers) trained on mentorship or facilitation roles for enhancing global citizenship and peace.

 

Overview of Existing UNESCO Initiatives

NET-MED Youth Project:

This  flagship  project,  funded  by  the  EU  and  implemented  in  ten  countries  along  the  Eastern  and  Western  basins  of  the  Mediterranean,  aims  to  contribute  to  providing  an  enabling  environment  for  young  women  and  men  to  develop  competencies,  exercise  their  rights  and  engage  as  active citizens, particularly in decision-making relating to political, social, economic, educational and cultural policy planning processes. The project focuses on strengthening youth networks and organizations, national youth strategies and policies, mainstream media and youth skills development. In this framework, UNESCO has commissioned an in-depth assessment of  existing  youth  online  platforms  and  online  behaviours  in  the  southern  Mediterranean  region.  Its findings will feed into evidence-based recommendations for the creation and/or consolidation of  online  platforms  offering  relevant  services,  knowledge  and  opportunities  for  networking  and  interaction among youth organizations on youth-related issues, as well as between them and other important actors, such as policy-makers, media professionals, researchers and experts

 

Heritage and Creativity Educational Programmes:

This  flagship  project,  funded  by  the  EU  and  implemented  in  ten  countries  along  the  Eastern  and  Western  basins  of  the  Mediterranean,  aims  to  contribute  to  providing  an  enabling  environment  for  young  women  and  men  to  develop  competencies,  exercise  their  rights  and  engage  as  active citizens, particularly in decision-making relating to political, social, economic, educational and cultural policy planning processes. The project focuses on strengthening youth networks and organizations, national youth strategies and policies, mainstream media and youth skills development. In this framework, UNESCO has commissioned an in-depth assessment of  existing  youth  online  platforms  and  online  behaviours  in  the  southern  Mediterranean  region.  Its findings will feed into evidence-based recommendations for the creation and/or consolidation of  online  platforms  offering  relevant  services,  knowledge  and  opportunities  for  networking  and  interaction among youth organizations on youth-related issues, as well as between them and other important actors, such as policy-makers, media professionals, researchers and experts. UNESCO leads the World Heritage Volunteers Initiative, to mobilize youth and their organizations in safeguarding cultural heritage and promoting it by way of enhancing their skills in the conservation and restoration of cultural  heritage,  so  as  to  strengthen  a  shared  sense  of  belonging  and  ownership.  UNESCO  has  developed  online  tools  to  familiarize  youth  with  World  Heritage  sites,  their  history,  their  own  culture  and  that  of  others  through  the  World  Heritage  in  Young  Hands  Kit,  to  foster  mutual  understanding  and  to  raise  their  awareness  about  the  importance  of  cultural diversity and the potential of creativity in the promotion of critical thinking, self-expression and dialogue through the Diversity Kit for Youth.

 

The Intergovernmental Information for All Programmes (IFAP):

Established  in  2001,  IFAP  provides  a  platform  for  international  policy  discussions, cooperation and the development of guidelines for action in the area of access to information and knowledge. The Programme supports Member  States  to  develop  and  implement  national  information  policy  and strategy frameworks in six priority areas of information accessibility, information  for  development,  information  ethics,  information  literacy,  information  preservation  and  multilingualism  in  cyberspace.  Access  to  information  and  knowledge  plays  a  critical  role  in  development.  It  enhances human capacities, the overcoming of barriers to participation, the narrowing of inequalities and  the  strengthening  of  social  cohesion  and  peace.  Through  its  collaboration  with  governments,  intergovernmental organizations, international NGOs and its network of National IFAP Committees and  Working  Groups,  IFAP  is  well  positioned  to  support  capacity-building,  projects  and  policy  dialogue  for  Member  States  in  their  efforts  to  create  inclusive,  participatory  knowledge  societies.  By  leveraging  its  competencies  and  networks,  IFAP  initiated  the  organization  of  the  International  Conference on “Youth and the Internet: Fighting Radicalization and Extremism” to assist Members States in developing solutions to address this important challenge. The IPDC is the only intergovernmental programme in the UN system mandated to mobilize international support for independent media initiatives in developing countries. It provides a cost-efficient annual mechanism for supporting strategic, innovative and gender-sensitive media development proposals by local organizations worldwide. The IPDC has partnered in hosting the conference on “Youth and the Internet: Fighting Radicalization and Extremism” as part of its contribution to promoting media development for peace. Accordingly, the pilot project will leverage the systems and global networks of the IPDC, to support grass root activities that can counter online extremism targeting youth.

 

The Youth Mobile  Initiative  aims  to  directly  empower  young  people,  particularly  young  women,  with the technical skills and confidence to develop smart mobile apps to address key demographic issues such as chronic youth unemployment,  global  citizenship,  and  sustainable  development.  With  activities  in  32  Member  States  and  multi-stakeholder  partnerships  with  Tec novation  (USA),  Telephonic  Education  Digital,  Zain,  Mozilla  and  the  Forest  Whitaker  Peace Earth  Foundation,  the  Initiative  utilizes  very  high-quality,  multilingual  open-licensed  training  materials  and  open-source  MOOC  platforms  to  train  a  critical  mass  of  youth  to  develop  multiple  platform-independent,  locally-relevant,  ethical,  and  accessible apps for dialogue, exchange, global citizenship and peace messaging.

 

UNESCO’s Work on Media and Information:

Indispensable in promoting  a  culture  of  peace,  tolerance  and  dialogue  among  cultures  is  a  critical  understanding  of  the  functions  of  media,  Internet  and  other  information  providers,  their  contribution  to  combating  prejudices  and  cultural  stereotypes  as  well  as  to  dissolving  barriers.  Media  and  information  literacy  enables  youth  and  other  key  stakeholders  to  acquire  this  critical  understanding and necessary skills in order to engage and serve as a catalyst for open and well-informed  dialogue.  UNESCO is  a  global  leader  in  promoting  MIL,  and  the  Organization’s  online  training modules and resources in this field (such as the MIL Curriculum for Teachers, MIL Policy and Strategy  Guidelines,  MIL  Assessment  Framework,  and  Guidelines  for  Broadcasters  on  Promoting  User-Generated Content) will critically contribute to this working proposal.

 

 

 

Global Citizenship Education

To enhance the quality, relevance and delivery of education, UNESCO supports Member States to integrate Global Citizenship Education (GCED) in their education  systems.  GCED promotes not only basic cognitive skills, but also non-cognitive skills  that  are  important  to  building  more  peaceful,  just  and  sustainable  societies.  It  aims  at  equipping  learners  of  all  ages  with  those  values,  knowledge  and  skills that instil respect for human rights, social justice, diversity and gender equality, and that empower learners to be responsible global citizens.  GCED  is  one  of  the  strategic  areas  of  work  for  UNESCO’s  Education Programme (2014-2017) and one of the three priorities of the  UN  Secretary-General’s  Global  Education  First  Initiative  (GEFI)  launched in September 2012. Moreover, it is proposed as a target of the education goal for the future post-2015 development agenda.

 

Conclusion:

Now a day’s youth are playing a very important role in all the activities in the society. A society development is depends on youth. Even international institutions conducted different programmes for youth participation in peace building. Since 2000, the international community has been strengthening its commitment to achieve sustainable, comprehensive, and inclusive peace through women’s inclusion and participation. The women, peace, and security (WPS) agenda set forth in UN Security Council resolution 1325 (2000) and seven subsequent resolutions, is evidence of the commitment to achieve sustainable, peaceful societies for all by the inclusion and participation of women in all aspects of conflict and post-conflict peace processes. That commitment has expanded to include young people. Several NGOs playing a role for improve the youth activities, through different activities people educated in the entire field. When peoples are educated then we can establish a peace world otherwise it’s very difficult to see a universal peace in the world.

 

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[1] Dr. S.K. Kapoor, Public International Law, Lucknow, Central Law Agency, 2021) p.100-102.

[2] M.P. Tandon, Public International Law, ( Faridabad, Allahabad Law Agency, 2010) p. 320-323.

[3] R.C. Hingorani, Modern International Law, (New Delhi, Oxford & IBH Publishing Co, PVT Ltd, 1993) p.398-399.

[4] Rupert Maclean- David N. Wilson, International Handbook of Education for the changing world of work, (London, UNEVOC, 2009), p.345-346.