Open Access Research Article

A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF CYBERCRIME AGAINST WILDLIFE IN INDIA

Journal: White Black Legal ISSN: 2581-8503 Published: 2023/07/24 Volume: 2 Issue: 15
Author(s) SHRISHTI VERMA PRATIBHA MISHRA
Journal White Black Legal Law Journal
ISSN 2581-8503
Publication Date 2023/07/24
Access Type Open Access
Volume 2
Issue 15

Abstract


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[6] Id.

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[12] Id.

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[15] Id.

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[21] Wildlife Protection Act, No. 53 of 1972, India Code (1993).

[22] India Const. art. 252.

[23] Wildlife Protection Act, No. 53 of 1972, § 9, 39 & 40, India Code (1993).

[24] State of Bihar v. Murad Ali Baig, AIR 1989 SC 1 (India).

[25] Wild Life v. Ashok Kumar & Ors. CC No.301845/16 (India).

[26] Tilak Bahadur Rai v. State of Arunachal Pradesh, 1979Cr. L. J. 1404 (India).

[27] Naveen Raheja v. Union of India, 2001 9 SCC 762 (India).

[28] Rajendra Kumar v. UOI, AIR 1998 Raj. 165 (India).

[29] Ivory Traders and Manufacturers Association v. Union of India, Civil writ petition Nos. AIR 1997 DEL 267 (India).

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[31] National Crime Records Bureau, Ministry of Home Affairs, Crime in India 2020, 889 (2020).

[32] National Crime Records Bureau, Ministry of Home Affairs, Crime in India 2021, 889 (2021).

[33] Supra note 20.

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[36] Supra note 20.

[37] Namita Singh, Uncovering the web of illegal wildlife traders operating on social media, Independent (Jul. 11, 2021), https://www.independent.co.uk/stop-the-illegal-wildlife-trade/illegal-wildlife-trade-internet-facebook-b1879656.html.

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[39] Anita Lavorgna, Wildlife trafficking in the Internet age, 3 Lavorgna Crime Science, 5 (2014).

[40] Supra note 7.

[41] Supra note 37.

[42] Supra note 20.

[43] Supra note 7.

[44] Wildlife Protection Act, No. 53 of 1972, § 40(2), India Code (1993).

[45] In re: Smuggling and illegal trading of endangered species of birds, WPA/10138/2020 (India).

[46] Wildlife Protection Act, No. 53 of 1972, § 44(1) & 49B(1), India Code (1993).

[47] Wildlife Protection Act, No. 53 of 1972, § 48A, India Code (1993).

[48] Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021, G.S.R. 139(E), pt. II sec. 3(i), r. 3(1)(b) (Feb. 25, 2021).

[49] Consumer Protection (E-Commerce) Rules, 2020, G.S.R. 462(E), r. 5(1) (Jul. 23, 2020)

[50] The Information Technology Act, No. 21 of 2000, India Code (1993).

[51] Wildlife Crime Control Bureau, Operation Wildnet-IV Report (2021).

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[55] Supra note 53.

[56] Wildlife crime linked to the Internet, CITES, https://cites.org/eng/prog/imp/wildlife_crime_linked_to_the_internet (Last visited on Feb. 25, 2023).

[57] Wildlife crime, INTERPOL, https://www.interpol.int/en/Crimes/Environmental-crime/Wildlife-crime (last visited on Feb. 20, 2022).

[58] Supra note 13.

[59] Supra note 18.

[60] Supra note 18.

[61] Sara Alfino & David L. Roberts, Code word usage in the online ivory trade across four European Union member states, 54 ORYX, 494–498 (2020).

[62] ICCWC Indicator Framework for Combating Wildlife and Forest Crime, Rep. of International Consortium on Combating Wildlife Crime (2016). 

[63] Assessing United for Wildlife’s Impact, UFW (2022) https://unitedforwildlife.org/case-studies/assessing-united-for-wildlifes-impact/. On The Frontline: Combating Online Wildlife Trafficking

[64] On The Frontline: Combating Online Wildlife Trafficking, IFAW (2020), https://www.ifaw.org/international/campaigns/disrupt-wildlife-cybercrime.

[65] Coalition to End Wildlife Trafficking Online, WWF, https://www.worldwildlife.org/pages/coalition-to-end-wildlife-trafficking-online (last visited on Feb. 19, 2023)

[66] Disrupt: Wildlife Cybercrime, Rep. of International Fund for Animal Welfare (2018).

[67] Project Web: An Investigation into the ivory trade over the internet within the European Union, Rep. of INTERPOL Environmental Crime Programme (2013).

[68] Tania McCrea-Steele, Global Wildlife Cybercrime Action Plan brings together critical actors in the fight against online wildlife trafficking, IFAW (Oct. 12, 2018) https://www.ifaw.org/international/news/global-wildlife-cybercrime-action .

[69] Supra note 13.

[70] Research identifies illegal wildlife trade on the Darknet, Rep. of INTERPOL (2017).

[71] Id.

[72] Supra note 57.

[73]Stepping up the global fight against wildlife crime through a united response, INTERPOL, https://www.interpol.int/en/News-and-Events/News/2022/Stepping-up-the-global-fight-against-wildlife-crime-through-a-united-response, (Oct. 4 2022).

[74] Stephen Guertin, Wildlife Trafficking and the Growing Online Marketplace, US Fish & Wildlife Service, https://www.fws.gov/testimony/wildlife-trafficking-and-growing-online-marketplace (Apr. 2021).

[75] Stopping The Illegal Trafficking Of Australian Wildlife, Department of agriculture, Water and the Environment, Australian Government (2020)

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[77] Ilaria Di Silvestre, The Digital Services Act and the Challenging Fight against Wildlife Cybercrime, IFAW (Jul. 14, 2022), https://www.ifaw.org/international/people/opinions/digital-services-act-and-the-challenging-fight-against-wildlife-cybercrime.

[78] Maria Pascual & Jim Wingard, Assessing Online Wildlife Marketing a Tool for Monitoring Illegality, Rep.  of Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime (2021).

[79] Alexander Nicolas, New Facebook alert informs users about wildlife trafficking, WWF (Dec. 21, 2020) https://www.worldwildlife.org/stories/new-facebook-alert-informs-users-about-wildlife-trafficking

[80] Mike Carson, How eBay Blocked 257,000 Listings that Violated Prohibited Wildlife Policies in 2020, WWF (Jun. 1, 2021), https://www.worldwildlife.org/blogs/sustainability-works/posts/how-ebay-blocked-257-000-listings-that-violated-prohibited-wildlife-policies-in-2020.

[81] Andy Coghlan, Ebay moves to ban sales of ivory. 200 New Scientist 10 (2008).

[82] Karthik Jayachandran and Winnie Lam, Google Employees Search for Prohibited Wildlife Products Online While Remote, WWF (Jul. 14, 2020), https://www.worldwildlife.org/blogs/sustainability-works/posts/google-employees-search-for-prohibited-wildlife-products-online-while-remote.

[83] Supra note 39.

[84]Esteve Corbera, Smart, Commodified and Encoded: Blockchain Technology for Environmental Sustainability and Nature Conservation, Conservation & Society (2022), https://www.conservationandsociety.org.in/article.asp.

[85] Assessing the commitment of countries to STOP illegal wildlife trade, WWF, https://wwf.panda.org/discover/our_focus/wildlife_practice/problems/illegal_trade/wildlife_trade_campaign/scorecard/ (last visited on Feb 21, 2023).

[86] Supra note 78.

[87] Supra note 73.

[88] Supra note 39.

[89] Supra note 13.

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Journal White Black Legal
ISSN 2581-8503
Access Open Access
Language English

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