[1] Research Scholar, Department of Laws, Panjab University, Chandigarh

[2] www.geeksforgeeks.org accessed on 1st June, 2024

[3] Justice RituRaj Awasthi, “The idea of Justice after 75 years of Independence” available at www.cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in accessed on 1st June, 2024

[4] ibid

[5] ibid

[6] ibid

[7] ibid

[8] ibid

[9] The works of PV Kane, Vol. 3, p. 243, 248

[10] Supra note 9

[11] The Constitution of India, Art. 124

[12] Id, Art. 214

[13] https://doj.gov.in last visited on 2nd June, 2024

[14] ibid

[15] https://www.mha.gov.in last visited on 2nd June, 2024

[16] Supra note 13

[17] Supra note 13

[18] Steve Wilson & Helen Rutherford, “English Legal System” (2018)

[19] Essay on Access to Justice, available at https://www.studocu.com accessed on 2nd June, 2024

[20] Lord James Bryce (in Modern Democracies)

[21] Connellan Gregory, “Access to Justice” Legaldate 2001, vol. 13, pg 5-8

[22] Pia Letto Vanamo, “Access to Justice: A conceptual & practical analysis with implications for Justice Reforms” IDLO Voices of Development Jurists paper series vol. 2 ( 2005 )

[23] The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948, Art 8

Everyone has the right to an effective remedy by the competent national tribunals for acts violating the fundamental rights granted to him by the Constitution or law

[24] Id, Art 10

Everyone is entitled in full equality to a fair and public hearing by an independent and impartial tribunal, in the determination of his rights and obligations and of any criminal charge against him

[25] The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966, Art 2(3)

Each State party to the covenant undertakes:

1. To ensure that any person whose rights or freedoms as herein recognized are violated shall have an effective remedy, notwithstanding that the violation has been committed by persons acting in an official capacity
2. To ensure that any person claiming such a remedy shall have his right thereto determined by competent judicial, administrative or legislative authorities, or by any competent authority provided for by the legal system and to develop the possibilities of judicial remedy

[26] The Constitution of India, 1950, Art 14

The State shall not deny to any person equality before the law or the equal protection of the laws within the territory of India

[27] Id, Art 21

No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to the procedure established by law.

[28] Item 11 A: Administration of Justice; constitution and organisation of all courts, except the Supreme Court and the High Courts

[29] https://www.digitallibrary.un.org accessed on 3rd June, 2024

[30] ibid

[31] Prof. Dr. Jyoti Rattan & Dr. Vijay Rattan, “Cyber Laws & Information Technology” 9th edn (2022)

[32] Supra note 20

[33] https://www.uncitral.org accessed on 3rd June, 2024

[34] ibid

[35] ibid

[36] Supra note 33

[37] “Use of technology in judicial process and alternate dispute resolution” 2015 available at www.lawctopus.com accessed on 3rd June, 2024

[38] ibid

[39] ibid

[40] Supra note 37

[41] K Subramaniam,“The epidemic and ensuring safety in courts” 2020 available at www.thehindu.com accessed on 4th june, 2024

[42] ibid

[43] ibid

[44] ibid

[45] Supra note 37

[46] https://www.shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/330764 accessed on 5th June, 2024

[47] Supra note 37

[48] Charlie Harrel, Digital “War Room” in Hearings, Trials and Beyond: How Technology Innovations in Singapore, the UK and the US are transforming the legal landscape tech talk, available at https://v1.lawgazette.com.sg/2016-10/1686.htm accessed on 5th June, 2024

[49] Supra note 46

[50] Martinez A & Fabra Abat Pere, “E-Justice: Information and Communication technologies in the court system” (2008)

[51] ibid

[52]https://justice.gov.bc.ca/cso/about/index.do;jsesssionid=cio8vrXxHzCv59WxK4b3GWsZ.0e1ba411-53d7-3b0d-8e0a-d5b7d8cafbab accessed on 7th June, 2024

[53] ibid

[54] Justice Sunil Ambwani, "Information and Communication Technology in Courts" at National Judicial Academy, Bhopal.

[55] Computers are not new to the Indian courts. Towards the end of 1989, one low-end computer was installed in Supreme Court of India for caveat matching. Immediately thereafter, in 1990, I initiated the process of court computersation in Patna High Court, as a sitting at Patna High Court. On my transfer to Karnataka in 1994, I undertook to introduce ICT in the entire judiciary of the state of Karnataka. Through the Karnataka judiciary webstie, case lists of high Courts and district courts was made available online, a day before, for the first time in the country. The system created has subsequently been adopted in different states in India.

[56] Kshitiz Verma, “e-courts Project: A Giant Leap by Indian Judiciary” (2018)

[57] ibid

[58] ibid

[59] ibid

[60] ibid

[61] ibid

[62] ibid

[63] Source: compiled by authors from the websites of the Ministry of Law & Justice (https://doj.gov.in), Supreme Court’s e-Committee (https://ecommitteesci.gov.in) and e-courts (www.ecourts.gov.in)

[64] Supra note 46

[65] AIR 2003 SC 2053

[66] 2018 (11) SCALE 475

[67] https://pib.gov.in accessed on 8th June, 2024