* B. A. LLB. (H), Semester IV Amity Law School, Amity University, Lucknow.

[1] (1985) 2 SCC 556.

[2] AIR 1995 SC 1531.

[3] AIR 1997 Bom 349.

[1] Law Maven Legal Review Online, Contemporary Socio-Legal Issue in India, 2021 Pooja Kumari, Ravinder Singh, Priya A. Sondhi, Social Problems and Issues in India Ram Ahuja, Social Problem in India, 1997

Radhika Dwivedi, SOCIO-LEGAL ISSUE IN INDIA, 2022 https://www.brainboosterarticles.com/post/socio- legal-issue-in- india#:~:text=The%20slavery%20of%20foreigners%20for,issues%20of%20our%20great%20country.

World Health Organization, https://www.who.int/news-room/fact- sheets/detail/sanitation#:~:text=Poor%20sanitation%20is%20linked%20to,the%20spread%20of%20antimicrobi al%20resistance

Overpopulation in India, Jawaid Sofi, 2020 https://mahb.stanford.edu/blog/overpopulation-in-india/

[1] Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department, Policy Note 2022-23, www.tn.gov.in, 2022, https://www.tn.gov.in/documents/dept/32.

[2] Hindu Temples and Mutts form part of Hindu Religious Endowments.

[3] The Department is headed by a Commissioner appointed by the Government. The Commissioner is generally a person belonging to the State Judicial Services or other Services (Section 9 of the Tamil Nadu Act) and acts as a servant of the Government (Section 12 of the Tamil Nadu Act)

[4] Tamil Nadu Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Act, 1959, § 7(1)(a), No.22 Act of Tamil Nadu, 1959 (India).

[5] Tamil Nadu Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Act, 1959, § 92 (1), No.22 Act of Tamil Nadu, 1959 (India).

[6] Tamil Nadu Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Act, 1959, § 92 (2), No.22 Act of Tamil Nadu, 1959 (India).

[7] The Karnataka Hindu Religious Institution and Charitable Endowments Act, 1997

[8] Andhra Pradesh Charitable and Hindu Religious Institutions and Endowments Act, 1987

[9] Kerala has four legislations: the Travancore-Cochin Hindu Religious Institutions Act, 1950; the Koodalmanickam Devaswom Act, 1971; the Guruvayoor Devaswom Act, 1978; Madras Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments (Amendment) Act, 2008

[10] Appointed under the Maharashtra Public Trusts Act, 1950

[11] The Madhya Pradesh Public Trusts Act, 1951

[12] The Orissa Hindu Religious Endowments Act, 1969

[13] Constituted under the Rajasthan Public Trust Act, 1959

[14] Under the Bihar Hindu Religious Trusts Act of 1950

[15] Commissioner Hindu Religious Endowments v. Sri Lakshmindra Thirtha Swamiar of Shirur Mutt (A.I.R. 1954 SC 282)

[16] Ratilal Panachand Gandhi v. The State of Bombay and Others, 1954 SCR 1035.

[17] A.I.R. 1958 SC 255

[18] A.I.R. 1963 SC 1638

[19] A.I.R. 1966 SC 1119

[20] A.I.R. 1984 SC 51

[21] 2018 (8) SCJ 609

[22] During the 2018 Shabarimala Case, Justice Chandrachud was not the Chief Justice of India

[1] E. R. Sand, “State and Religion in India: The Indian Secular Model” 19 Nordic

Journal of Religion and Society, (2006).

[2] R. Dhavan and G. Larson, “The Road to Xanadu: India’s Quest for Secularism” 301-329 (2001).

[3] G. Phillips, “Introduction to Secularism” National Secular Society, London, (2011).

[4]J. J. Hemmer Jr. and XLIV Jefferson, Wall of Separation: How Jurisprudential Interpretation Shaped a Secular Polity  27-39 (Free Speech Yearbook, London, 1st edn., 2009).

[5]R. Bhargava, “Inclusion and Exclusion in South Asia: The Role of Religion. Human Development Report Office” UNDP (2004).

[6] S. Parthasarathy, “How Hinduism was nationalized” Live Mint, April 3, 2016.

[7] G. Ramesh, Governance and Administration of Temples: A Framework (2020). (Research Paper No. 621, IIM Bangalore).

[8] A. A. Choudhary, “Temples should be managed by devotees, not

government: SC,  The Times of India, April 8, 2019.

[9] JusCorpus, “Hindu Temples Under Government Control”(2022).

[10]P. Gupta and S. Kumar, “The growing business of religion in India”,

Live Mint. May 20, 2017.

[11]Available at: https://www.legalservicesindia.com/article/1687/Constitutional-Validity-of-the-Hindu-Religious-and-Charitable-Endowment-Act.html#google_vignette (Last visited on 18 July 2023)

[12] Deborah Sutton, “Antiquity, and Colonial Custody of the Hindu Temple in British India” 47 Cambridge University Press, Modern Asian Studies, 135- 166, (2013).

[13] Hemmer Jr. and J. Jefferson, “Wall of Separation: How Jurisprudential

Interpretation Shaped a Secular Polity” 44(1) Free Speech Yearbook, 27-39, (2009).

[14] Franklin A. Presler, “The Structure and Consequences of Temple Policy in Tamil Nadu”, 56 Pacific Affairs, 232-246, (1983).

[15] F.A. Presler, “Religion Under Bureaucracy: Policy and Administration for

Hindu Temples in South India” Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (1987).

[16] 1964 AIR 1501

[17] AIR 1954 SC 282

[18]1954 SCR 1005

[19] Amit Anand Choudhary, “Temples should be managed by devotees, not government” Times of India, Aug.08, 2022.

[20]I. Roy, “Disjunctions of Democracy and Liberalism: Agonistic Imaginations of Dignity in Bihar” 42 Journal of South Asian Studies 344-358 (2019).

[21] Statistics are taken from an expert committee report which was set up in taking repair work at about 43,000 temples which are under HR&CE department.

[22] Sanjeev Nayyar, “Indian govt won’t be any different from British if Hindus can’t manage their own temples?” The Print, June 25,2021.

[23] Suhirth Parthasarthy , “How Hinduism was Nationalised?” Live Mint, May 05,2023

[24] Hindu Religious Endowments Commission, “Report of the Hindu Religious

 Endowments Commission” New Delhi (1962).

[25]Sandeep Vellaram, “A draft bill to regulate churches and the controversies around it” The News Minute,  July 30, 2022 .

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