[1] Assistant Professor, Department of Law Himachal Pradesh University, Regional Centre Dharamshala,  email: drdivyaguptahprc21@gmail.com

[2] Debiprasad Pal, State Sovereignty at the Cross Roads,ed.1962,pp-57-59.

[3] V.G., Mankar, Essentials of Government, Ed. 1970, p-29

[4] Article 294(b)

[5] Law Commission of India (First Report), p. 32 as quoted by Bhat, Ishwara op. cit, p. 39.

[6] AIR 1962 SC 933.

[7] AIR 1965 SC 1039.

[8] AIR 1979 J&K 6.

[9] AIR 1983 SC 1086.

[10] AIR 1986 SC 494.

[11] AIR 1994 SC 2663.

[12] A.I.R. 1990 S.C. 513

[13] A.I.R. 1993 Sc 1960

[14] A.I.R. 1999 SC 2979

[1] Legal Aid, available at: http://www.legalserviceindia.com/article/l206-Legal-Aid.html

[2] Speaking through the Legal Aid Committee formed in 1971 by the State of Gujarat on Legal Aid with its Chairman, Mr. P.N. Bhagwati along with its members, Mr. J.M. Thakore, A.G., Mr. VV Mehta, Deputy Speaker, Gujarat Vidhan Sabha, Mr. Madhavsinh F. Solanki, M.L.A, Mr. Girishbhai C. Patel, Principal, New Lal College, Ahemdabad. His Lord ship answered to the question of inequality in the administration of justice between the rich and the poor.

[3] Article 39A of the Indian Constitution

[4] Justice J.N.Bhatt:Right to Legal Aid- A basic Human Right. Naya Deep Vol VII Issue 4 on page 50 October 2006.

[5] Article 7 of Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948

[6] Article 8 of Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948

[7] Article 6 of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, 1953

[8] Preamble, Constitution of India

[9] Article 14 of The Constitution of India

[10] Article 21 of The Constitution of India

[11] Suk Das & Anr vs Union Territory Of Arunachal, 1986 AIR 991, 1986 SCR (1) 590

[12] Manubhai Pragaji Vashi vs State Of Maharashtra And Ors. on 19 August, 1988, AIR 1989 Bom 296, (1989) 91 BOMLR 13, 1989 MhLJ 344

[13] Article 22(1) of The Constitution of India

[14] Hansraj And Ors. vs State on 15 May, 1956, AIR 1956 All 641, 1956 CriLJ 1267

[15] Article 39 A of The Constitution of India

[16] Section 303 in The Code Of Criminal Procedure, 1973

[17] Section 304 in The Code Of Criminal Procedure, 1973

[18] Section 12 of the Legal Services Authority act

[19]  Unlocking Justice In The Lockdown, available at: https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/unlocking-justice-in-the-lockdown/article31456524.ece

[20] New Class Of Poor, available at: https://theprint.in/india/new-class-of-poor-emerging-after-job-losses-in-lockdown-95-8-bpl-slum-families-hit-study/433785/

[21]  Ministry of Law and Justice available at: https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/doc/eb/sbe64.pdf

[22] About Us, available at: https://nalsa.gov.in/about-us/mission

[23] Legal Aid in India Amid the COVID-19 Lockdown, 

available at: https://www.jurist.org/commentary/2020/05/agrawal-mishra-india-legalaid/

[24] Legal Issues Arising During Pandemic, available at: https://nalsa.gov.in/notifications/35

[25] 11,077 undertrials freed to decongest jails following COVID-19: NALSA, available at: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/11077-undertrials-freed-to-decongest-jails-following-covid-19-nalsa/article31350752.ece

[26] NCW Records Sharp Spike In Domestic Violence Amid Lockdown, available at: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ncw-records-sharp-spike-in-domestic-violence-amid-lockdown/article31835105.ece

[27] One Stop Centre Scheme, available at: https://wcd.nic.in/sites/default/files/OSC_G.pdf

[28] Department of Justice-Year End Review 2020, available at: https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1684945

[29] The Judiciary in Lockdown available at: https://www.theleaflet.in/the-judiciary-in-lockdown/

[30] CHRI Legal Aid Report Hope Behind Bars Volume 1

[31] TataTrust Overall Report January 26,2020

[1] Iberdrola, https://www.iberdrola.com/social-commitment/gender-stereotypes-women

[2] Plan International Canada, https://stories.plancanada.ca/why-gender-inequality-starts-at-home/

[3] Section 377 in The Indian Penal Code 377. Unnatural offences.—Whoever voluntarily has carnal inter­course against the order of nature with any man, woman or animal, shall be punished with 1[imprisonment for life], or with impris­onment of either description for a term which may extend to ten years, and shall also be liable to fine. Explanation.—Penetration is sufficient to constitute the carnal intercourse necessary to the offence described in this section.

[4] The Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019

[5] https://www.britannica.com/event/Rwanda-genocide-of-1994

[6] https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00011/full

[7] Aayesha Mushtaq, Is fashion a good career? the surprising truth

[8] The New York Times, Amanda Taub, 13 Aug 2020 ; Why Are Women-Led Nations Doing Better With Covid-19?

[9] https://www.unicef.org/rosa/reports/gender-bias-inclusion-advertising-india

[10] https://www.unicef.org/rosa/media/13816/file/Full%20Report%20-%20Gender%20Bias%20&%20Inclusion%20in%20Advertising%20in%20India%20-%20April%202021.pdf

[11] https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/indian-ads-further-gender-stereotypes-shows-study/article34379148.ece

[1] Ritter, K., (2022). History of the Death Penalty. Independently Published.

[2] The Constitution of India, 1950, Art. 21.

[3] Amnesty International Global Report on Death Sentences and Executions 2015. Index: ACT 50/3487/2016

[4] Indian Penal Code, 1860, s.121.

[5] Ibid. s.302

[6] Ibid. s. 364A.

[7] Parvathy, S., (2009). Application of the Doctrine of Rarest of Rare Cases: A Critical Appraisal of the Approach of the Supreme Court of India. SSRN Electronic Journal [online]. [Viewed 7 June 2023]. Available from: doi: 10.2139/ssrn.1647802

[8] Ibid.

[9] Jagmohan Singh vs. State of Uttar Pradesh, A.I.R. 1973 S.C.947.

[10] Rajendra Prasad v. State of Punjab, A.I.R. 1979, S.C.p-916.

[11] Bacchan Singh v. State of Punjab,  1980, 2 .SCC 684

[12] Macchi Singh v. State of Punjab, A.I.R. 1983, S.C. 957

[13] Deena vs. Union of India,(1983)4 SSC 645.

[14]  Triveniben vs. State of Gujarat, A.I.R. 1989, S.C.142.

[15] Mithu Singh v. State of Punjab, 1983 SCR (2) 690.

[16] Indian Penal Code, 1860, s. 303.

[17] Pratik J., CAPITAL PUNISHMENT IN INDIA - A CRITICAL ANALYSIS: PRATEEK JAIN - ILSJCCL [online], (no date). ILSJCCL. [Viewed 7 June 2023]. Available from: https://journal.indianlegalsolution.com/2020/04/15/capital-punishment-in-india-a-critical-analysis-prateek-jain/

[18] Manoj Pratap Singh v State of Rajasthan,2022 SCC OnLine SC 768.

[19] Santosh Kumar Bariyar vs. State of Maharashtra, (2009) 6 SCC 498

[20] Shankar v. State of Tamil Nadu, (1994) 4 S.C.C. 478

[21] Kehar Singh v. Union of India, (1989) 1 S.C.C. 204.

[22] Prajeet Kumar Singh v. State of Bihar, 2008

[23] Aksshay Sharma, Alternatives to capital punishment, iPleaders (2020), https://blog.ipleaders.in/alternatives-capital-punishment/ (last visited Jun 5, 2023).

[24] Alternatives to the death penalty Information Pack, Penal Reform International (2015) https://www.penalreform.org/resource/alternatives-death-penalty-information-pack/. (last visited Jun 5, 2023).

[1] Fauna, Know India, https://knowindia.india.gov.in/profile/fauna.php (last visited Feb. 26, 2023).

[2] Flora, Know India, https://knowindia.india.gov.in/profile/flora.php (last visited Feb. 26, 2023).

[3] Anusha Krishnan, [Explainer] Why is India a major hub for wildlife trafficking?, Mongabay (Jun. 8, 2022), https://india.mongabay.com/2022/06/explainer-why-is-india-a-major-hub-for-wildlife-trafficking/.

[4] Avantika Bhuyan, Wildlife cyber sleuths to the rescue, Livemint (Sept. 21, 2019), https://lifestyle.livemint.com/news/talking-point/wildlife-cyber-sleuths-to-the-rescue-111641457605923.html.

[5] Wildlife Trade in Cyberspace, WTI, https://www.wti.org.in/news/wildlife-trade-in-cyberspace/ (last visited Feb 26, 2023).

[6] Id.

[7] Sumit Kumar Singh, Wildlife crime goes digital, WCCB increases vigilance, The Indian Express (Sept. 4, 2022), https://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2022/sep/04/wildlife-crime-goes-digital-wccb-increases-vigilance-2494617.html.

[8] Simran Sirrur, Whale ‘waste’, dried seahorses, ivory: Intelligence agency DRI flags rise in illegal wildlife trade, The Print (Dec. 6, 2022), https://theprint.in/environment/whale-waste-dried-seahorses-ivory-intelligence-agency-dri-flags-rise-in-illegal-wildlife-trade/1250545/.

[9] Wildlife trafficking has goes online during pandemic: Report, CNBC TV18 (Jun 26, 2021), https://www.cnbctv18.com/wildlife/wildlife-trafficking-has-goes-online-during-pandemic-report-9789011.htm.

[10] Imelda Abano & Leilani Chavez, Wildlife trafficking, like everything else, has gone online during COVID-19, Earth Journalism Network (Jun. 1, 2021), https://earthjournalism.net/stories/wildlife-trafficking-like-everything-else-has-gone-online-during-covid-19.

[11] M. Velmurugan, Historical Development of wildlife protection in India, 2 IJCRME 2455 (2017)

[12] Id.

[13] Dr Saket Badola & Astha Gautam, High flying: insight into wildlife trafficking through India’s airports, Rep. of TRAFFIC India, (March 2022).

[14] India’s wildlife trade goes underground, thrives online, Mongabay (last visited on Feb. 22, 2022) https://india.mongabay.com/2020/11/indias-wildlife-trade-goes-underground-thrives-online/

[15] Id.

[16] K. C. Deepika, Despite pandemic and lockdowns, illegal hunting and trade in wildlife continued across India, (Feb. 26, 2022), https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/despite-pandemic-and-lockdowns-illegal-hunting-and-trade-in-wildlife-continued-across-india-shows-report/article65068674.ece

[17] World Wildlife Crime Report 2020: Trafficking in Protected Species, Rep. of United Nations Office on Drugs Crime, (2020).

[18] What is CITES?, CITES, (2018), https://www.cites.org/eng/disc/what.php.  

[19] The rise of environmental crime: A Growing Threat to Natural Resources, Peace, Development and Security, Rep. of United Nation Environment Programme & INTERPOL (2016)

[20] Sravani Nalluri, et al., A Survey of Identification of Illegal Wildlife Trade, Springer Nature (2021).

[21] Wildlife Protection Act, No. 53 of 1972, India Code (1993).

[22] India Const. art. 252.

[23] Wildlife Protection Act, No. 53 of 1972, § 9, 39 & 40, India Code (1993).

[24] State of Bihar v. Murad Ali Baig, AIR 1989 SC 1 (India).

[25] Wild Life v. Ashok Kumar & Ors. CC No.301845/16 (India).

[26] Tilak Bahadur Rai v. State of Arunachal Pradesh, 1979Cr. L. J. 1404 (India).

[27] Naveen Raheja v. Union of India, 2001 9 SCC 762 (India).

[28] Rajendra Kumar v. UOI, AIR 1998 Raj. 165 (India).

[29] Ivory Traders and Manufacturers Association v. Union of India, Civil writ petition Nos. AIR 1997 DEL 267 (India).

[30] J. Kurland et al., Wildlife crime: a conceptual integration, literature review, and methodological critique, 6 Crime Sci, 4 (2017).

[31] National Crime Records Bureau, Ministry of Home Affairs, Crime in India 2020, 889 (2020).

[32] National Crime Records Bureau, Ministry of Home Affairs, Crime in India 2021, 889 (2021).

[33] Supra note 20.

[34] PTI, Poachers go high tech, The Times of India (Jun. 16, 2009), https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/environment/flora-fauna/poachers-go-high-tech/articleshow/4663167.cms.

[35] Kiran Reddy Althuru, Visakhapatnam: Illegal Wildlife trade rampant on internet, Deccan Chronicle (Aug 12, 2019), https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/120819/visakhapatnam-illegal-wildlife-trade-rampant-on-internet.html.

[36] Supra note 20.

[37] Namita Singh, Uncovering the web of illegal wildlife traders operating on social media, Independent (Jul. 11, 2021), https://www.independent.co.uk/stop-the-illegal-wildlife-trade/illegal-wildlife-trade-internet-facebook-b1879656.html.

[38] Wildlife Conservation Society, India, Media-Reported Wildlife Poaching and Illegal Trade in India: 2020, 1-83 (2020).

[39] Anita Lavorgna, Wildlife trafficking in the Internet age, 3 Lavorgna Crime Science, 5 (2014).

[40] Supra note 7.

[41] Supra note 37.

[42] Supra note 20.

[43] Supra note 7.

[44] Wildlife Protection Act, No. 53 of 1972, § 40(2), India Code (1993).

[45] In re: Smuggling and illegal trading of endangered species of birds, WPA/10138/2020 (India).

[46] Wildlife Protection Act, No. 53 of 1972, § 44(1) & 49B(1), India Code (1993).

[47] Wildlife Protection Act, No. 53 of 1972, § 48A, India Code (1993).

[48] Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021, G.S.R. 139(E), pt. II sec. 3(i), r. 3(1)(b) (Feb. 25, 2021).

[49] Consumer Protection (E-Commerce) Rules, 2020, G.S.R. 462(E), r. 5(1) (Jul. 23, 2020)

[50] The Information Technology Act, No. 21 of 2000, India Code (1993).

[51] Wildlife Crime Control Bureau, Operation Wildnet-IV Report (2021).

[52] PRI/Awareness Programmes, WCCB Newsl. (Wildlife Crime Control Bureau, New Delhi) Sept, 2022, at 14.

[53] Maneesha Mishra & Arpita Mitra, Technology and Wildlife Crime: An Appraisal in India, 8(12) IJITEE, 122, 124 (2019).

[54] Anjali Raja K, Can AI help India fight against wildlife trafficking and animal poaching?, India AI, https://indiaai.gov.in/article/can-ai-help-india-fight-against-wildlife-trafficking-and-animal-poaching, (last visited Feb. 16, 2023).

[55] Supra note 53.

[56] Wildlife crime linked to the Internet, CITES, https://cites.org/eng/prog/imp/wildlife_crime_linked_to_the_internet (Last visited on Feb. 25, 2023).

[57] Wildlife crime, INTERPOL, https://www.interpol.int/en/Crimes/Environmental-crime/Wildlife-crime (last visited on Feb. 20, 2022).

[58] Supra note 13.

[59] Supra note 18.

[60] Supra note 18.

[61] Sara Alfino & David L. Roberts, Code word usage in the online ivory trade across four European Union member states, 54 ORYX, 494–498 (2020).

[62] ICCWC Indicator Framework for Combating Wildlife and Forest Crime, Rep. of International Consortium on Combating Wildlife Crime (2016). 

[63] Assessing United for Wildlife’s Impact, UFW (2022) https://unitedforwildlife.org/case-studies/assessing-united-for-wildlifes-impact/. On The Frontline: Combating Online Wildlife Trafficking

[64] On The Frontline: Combating Online Wildlife Trafficking, IFAW (2020), https://www.ifaw.org/international/campaigns/disrupt-wildlife-cybercrime.

[65] Coalition to End Wildlife Trafficking Online, WWF, https://www.worldwildlife.org/pages/coalition-to-end-wildlife-trafficking-online (last visited on Feb. 19, 2023)

[66] Disrupt: Wildlife Cybercrime, Rep. of International Fund for Animal Welfare (2018).

[67] Project Web: An Investigation into the ivory trade over the internet within the European Union, Rep. of INTERPOL Environmental Crime Programme (2013).

[68] Tania McCrea-Steele, Global Wildlife Cybercrime Action Plan brings together critical actors in the fight against online wildlife trafficking, IFAW (Oct. 12, 2018) https://www.ifaw.org/international/news/global-wildlife-cybercrime-action .

[69] Supra note 13.

[70] Research identifies illegal wildlife trade on the Darknet, Rep. of INTERPOL (2017).

[71] Id.

[72] Supra note 57.

[73]Stepping up the global fight against wildlife crime through a united response, INTERPOL, https://www.interpol.int/en/News-and-Events/News/2022/Stepping-up-the-global-fight-against-wildlife-crime-through-a-united-response, (Oct. 4 2022).

[74] Stephen Guertin, Wildlife Trafficking and the Growing Online Marketplace, US Fish & Wildlife Service, https://www.fws.gov/testimony/wildlife-trafficking-and-growing-online-marketplace (Apr. 2021).

[75] Stopping The Illegal Trafficking Of Australian Wildlife, Department of agriculture, Water and the Environment, Australian Government (2020)

[76] Pirotta Vanessa, et al., Detecting illegal wildlife trafficking via real time tomography 3D X-ray imaging and automated algorithms, 3 Frontiers in Conservation Science (2022).

[77] Ilaria Di Silvestre, The Digital Services Act and the Challenging Fight against Wildlife Cybercrime, IFAW (Jul. 14, 2022), https://www.ifaw.org/international/people/opinions/digital-services-act-and-the-challenging-fight-against-wildlife-cybercrime.

[78] Maria Pascual & Jim Wingard, Assessing Online Wildlife Marketing a Tool for Monitoring Illegality, Rep.  of Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime (2021).

[79] Alexander Nicolas, New Facebook alert informs users about wildlife trafficking, WWF (Dec. 21, 2020) https://www.worldwildlife.org/stories/new-facebook-alert-informs-users-about-wildlife-trafficking

[80] Mike Carson, How eBay Blocked 257,000 Listings that Violated Prohibited Wildlife Policies in 2020, WWF (Jun. 1, 2021), https://www.worldwildlife.org/blogs/sustainability-works/posts/how-ebay-blocked-257-000-listings-that-violated-prohibited-wildlife-policies-in-2020.

[81] Andy Coghlan, Ebay moves to ban sales of ivory. 200 New Scientist 10 (2008).

[82] Karthik Jayachandran and Winnie Lam, Google Employees Search for Prohibited Wildlife Products Online While Remote, WWF (Jul. 14, 2020), https://www.worldwildlife.org/blogs/sustainability-works/posts/google-employees-search-for-prohibited-wildlife-products-online-while-remote.

[83] Supra note 39.

[84]Esteve Corbera, Smart, Commodified and Encoded: Blockchain Technology for Environmental Sustainability and Nature Conservation, Conservation & Society (2022), https://www.conservationandsociety.org.in/article.asp.

[85] Assessing the commitment of countries to STOP illegal wildlife trade, WWF, https://wwf.panda.org/discover/our_focus/wildlife_practice/problems/illegal_trade/wildlife_trade_campaign/scorecard/ (last visited on Feb 21, 2023).

[86] Supra note 78.

[87] Supra note 73.

[88] Supra note 39.

[89] Supra note 13.

[1] Iberdrola, https://www.iberdrola.com/social-commitment/gender-stereotypes-women

[2] Plan International Canada, https://stories.plancanada.ca/why-gender-inequality-starts-at-home/

[3] Section 377 in The Indian Penal Code 377. Unnatural offences.—Whoever voluntarily has carnal inter­course against the order of nature with any man, woman or animal, shall be punished with 1[imprisonment for life], or with impris­onment of either description for a term which may extend to ten years, and shall also be liable to fine. Explanation.—Penetration is sufficient to constitute the carnal intercourse necessary to the offence described in this section.

[4] The Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019

[5] https://www.britannica.com/event/Rwanda-genocide-of-1994

[6] https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00011/full

[7] Aayesha Mushtaq, Is fashion a good career? the surprising truth

[8] The New York Times, Amanda Taub, 13 Aug 2020 ; Why Are Women-Led Nations Doing Better With Covid-19?

[9] https://www.unicef.org/rosa/reports/gender-bias-inclusion-advertising-india

[10] https://www.unicef.org/rosa/media/13816/file/Full%20Report%20-%20Gender%20Bias%20&%20Inclusion%20in%20Advertising%20in%20India%20-%20April%202021.pdf

[11] https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/indian-ads-further-gender-stereotypes-shows-study/article34379148.ece

[1] Paul R. Rice, Electronic Evidence: Law and Practice, (2005), ABA Publishing, Washington DC.

[2] Preston Gralla, How the Internet Works, (4th ed. 1998), QUE Publishing, Indiana.

[3] Bainbridge, Introduction to Computer Law (4th edn. 2000), Longman Pearson Education, London.

[4] Dr. P Sree Sudha, A comparative study of the law relating to e-contracts and e-signatures.

[5] Dr. Abdulhadi M. Alghamdi, The Law Of E-Commerce: E-Contracts, E-Business.

[6] Section 5 of the IT Act,2000

[7] AIR 1996 SC 543

[8] Uncitral.un.org. 2022. UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Mediation and International Settlement Agreements Resulting from Mediation, 2018 | United Nations Commission On International Trade Law. [online] Available at: [Accessed 14 May 2022].

[9] Howard, Bagshaw, et al., Phipson on Evidence, (15th Edn. (2000), Sweet and Maxwell, London.

[10] DIRECTIVE 2006/123/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 12 December 2006 on services in the internal market.

[11]“Nandan Kamath, Law Relating to Computers, Internet and Ecommerce, (4th ed. 2009), Universal law Publishing Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.”

[12] Dr. Abdulhadi M. Alghamdi, The Law Of E-Commerce: E-Contracts, E-Business.

[13] “Reddy k. Jayachandra, Alternate Dispute Resolution, in Alternate Dispute Resolution: What It Is, And It Works (P.C. Rao and William Sheffield eds., 1997), Universal Law Publishing House, New Delhi.”

[14]“Rahul Matthan, The law relating to computers and the internet (Edn. 2000), Butterworths, India.”

[1] Belaire Owner's Association v. DLF Limited and Ors [2011] 104 CLA 398.

[2] Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Act 1969.

[3] The Competition Act 2002.

[4] The Competition (Amendment) Act 2007.

[5]Competition Commission of India, Notifications regarding (a) coming into force of sections of the Competition Act, 2002 pertaining to combinations; (b) increase in value of assets and turnover; (c) exemption regarding “group”; (d) Target exemption, S.O. 479(E), 480(E), 481(E), 482(E) https://cci.gov.in/combination/legal-framwork/notifications/details/2/0 .

[6] Belaire Owner's Association v. DLF Limited and Ors [2011] 104 CLA 398.

[7] Press Trust of India, ‘CCI modifies apartment buyers agreements in two more DLF cases’ (The Economic Times, 14 January 2013) https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/personal-finance-news/cci-modifies-apartment-buyers-agreements-in-two-more-dlf-cases/articleshow/18021532.cms?from=mdr accessed 1 July 2023.

[8] Nadeem Inamdar, ‘Pune builder fails to give flat; consumer forum orders Rs 4.75 lakh compensation to homebuyer’ (Hindustan Times, 15 January 2020) https://www.hindustantimes.com/pune-news/pune-builder-fails-to-give-flat-consumer-forum-orders-rs-4-75-lakh-compensation-to-homebuyer/story-4OFsGEmpaZI9bFEqzMSHaJ.html accessed 1 July 2023.

[9] Anwesha Madhukalya, ‘Jaiprakash Associates slapped with Rs 13.82 crore fine by CCI for violating norms’ (Business Today, 13 August 2019) https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/corporate/story/jaiprakash-associates-slapped-rs-1382-crore-fine-cci-violating-norms-222685-2019-08-13 accessed 2 July 2023.

[10] Press Trust of India, ‘CCI modifies apartment buyers agreements in two more DLF cases’ (The Economic Times, 14 January 2013) https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/personal-finance-news/cci-modifies-apartment-buyers-agreements-in-two-more-dlf-cases/articleshow/18021532.cms?from=mdr accessed 1 July 2023.

[11] The Competition (Amendment) Act 2007.

[12] The Competition (Amendment) Act 2007.

[13] Maharashtra Ownership Flats Act 1963.

[14] ‘Competition law’ (Wikipedia, 3 July 2023) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law accessed 6 July 2023.