[1] Anusha Agarwal,” Only 36 Countries Have Not Criminalized Marital Rape, India is one of them, The LEAFLET, November 2,2022

[2] Parvati Benu, “Marital Rape: Most married women are sexually abused by their husbands”, The Hindu Business Line, May 16, 2022

[3] The Indian Penal Code,1860 (Act 45 of 1860) s.375

[4] Kersti Yllo, Gabrielle M. Torres, “Marital Rape: Consent, Marriage, and Social Change in a Global Context” 345 (Oxford University Press, United States of America, 2016)

[5] Supra note 4, s.498A

[6] Jus. J.S Verma, “Report of the Committee on Amendment to Criminal Law” (January 2013)

[7] Rajya Sabha Debates on 29th April ,2015 available at: https://mha.gov.in/MHA1/Par2017/pdfs/par2015- pdfs/rs-290415/656.pdf

[8] Sir Matthew Hale, Historia plectrum coronae The History of the Pleas of the Crown 67 (Original Manuscripts, London 1800)

[9] Jill Elaine Hasday, “Contest and Consent: A Legal History of Marital Rape” 88 California Law Review 1373(2000)

[10] Monica Steiner, “Marital Rape Laws”, Criminal Defense Lawyer, 25 Sep 2022, available at

: https://www.criminaldefenselawyer.com/marital-rape-laws.html

[11] Ibid.

[12] Independent Thought v. Union of India (2017) 10 SCC 800

[13] Ibid.

[14] Ibid.

[15] P.S Goopikrishnan Unnithan, “Kerela High Court: Marital Rape Sufficient Ground for Divorce”, India Today,21 August 2021

[16] Hrishikesh Shahoo v. State of Karnataka & Ors. SLP(Crl)4063/2022

[17] Ibid.

[18] RIT Foundation v. Union of India 2022 SCC Online Del 1404

[19] Ibid

[20] Ibid

[1] https://www.news18.com/explainers/necrophilia-sex-dead-bodies-karnataka-hc-cctv-m

ortuary-section-377-7999639.html

[2] https://www.ijlsi.com/

[3] Aggrawal A, “A New Classification of Necrophilia” (2009) 16 Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine 316

http://www.anilaggrawal.com/ij/sundry/news_and_notes/316_A%20new%20classification%20of%20necrophilia.pdf

[4] https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334114117 Necrophilia An Understanding

[5] https://www.ijlsi.com/wp-content/uploads/Necrophilia-Legal-Perspective.pdf

[6] https://www.thehindu.com/books/herodotuss-histories-is-probably-the-first-text-to-refer-to-indians-by-that-name-as-indon/article23529015.ece

[7] https://jaapl.org/content/jaapl/17/2/153.full.pdf Sexual Attraction to Corpses: A Psychiatric Review of Necrophilia

[8] https://www.speakingtree.in/allslides/sex-rituals-of-aghori-sadhus

[9] https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/psychology/sociocultural-factor

[10] https://ijop.net/index.php/mlu/article/download/734/688/1339 Necrophilia: A Study Of the Psychoanalysis in the Characteristics of the Offenders.

[11] https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/necrophia

[12] https://www.kaanoon.com/indian-law/ipc-297/

[13] https://blog.ipleaders.in/section-377-ipc/

[14] https://www.deccanherald.com/state/amend-laws-to-punish-cases-of-necrophilia

[15] https://medium.com/the-collector/nithari-case-a-series-of-rapes-murders-necrophilia-and-cannibalism-6d6e002367cb 

[16] https://www.gettyimages.co.uk/photos/moninder-singh-pandher

[17] “2009 SCC OnLine All 1117 : (2009) 84 AIC (Sum 2) 2 : (2009) 67 ACC 195”

[18] https://indiankanoon.org/doc/498126/

[1] Ibid

[2] Elements of Medical Jurisprudence by Theodric Romeyn Beck, William Dunlop

[3] Pratap Misra and ors v. State of Orissa AIR 1977 SC 1307

[4] Sunderlal v. The State of Madhya Pradesh AIR 1954 SC 28

[5] Evidentiary value of medical evidence in Indian Jurisprudence- Devranjan Singh Shekhawat

[6] Section 300 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860.

[7] Godabarish Mishra v. Kuntala Mishra and ors- Criminal Appeal No. 343 of 1991

[8] S.D. Soni v. State of Gujarat 1991 AIR 917

[9] Section 375 of the Indian Penal Code of 1860.

[10] Section 173 (2) of the Criminal Procedure Code

[11] Role of Police and Judiciary in the Prevention and Control of Rape by Javaid Talib and Dinesh Sharma

[12] Ram Kala v. Emperor- AIR 1946 All 191

[13] Section 376 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860

[14] Section 302 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860

[15] State v. Sanjeev Kumar @ Kala- FIR No. 20/2010

[16]  Section 84 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860.

[17] Subhan v. State (NCT of Delhi)- NCT of 133 (2006) DLT 562

[18] Re: Pappathi Ammal v. Unknown- AIR 1959 Mad 239

[1] World Health Organization

[2] UNFPA, implementation of the International and regional Human Rights framework for the elimination of Female Genital Mutilation

[3] Harinder Baweja, India’s Dark Secret, Hindustan Times

[4] R. Ghadially, ‘All for ‘Izzat’: The Practice of Female Circumcision among Bohra Muslims’

[5] WHO, Health risks of female genital mutilation (FGM)

[6] Article 3, UDHR

[7] Article 5, UDHR

[8] ‘Female Genital Mutilation: A Matter of Human Rights’, Centre for Reproductive Rights (New York, 2006)

[9] Study by Amnesty International

[10] Hanny Lightfoot Klein on FGM

[11] Harinder Baweja, India’s Dark Secret, Hindustan Times

[12] Yasmin Bootwala, “A Review of Female Genital Cutting in the Dawoodi Bohra Community: Part 3—the Historical, Anthropological and Religious Underpinnings of FGC in the Dawoodi Bohras

[13] Justice K. S. Puttaswamy (Retd.) and Anr. v. Union Of India And Ors., (2017) 10 SCC 1

[14] Waris (2005)

[15] Rasheeda Bhagat, ‘Ban this barbarous practice!’, Hindu Business Line

[16] SOAT 1999

[17] Kenya Demographic and Health Survey

[18] Population Media Centre, 2009

[19] Save Somalia Women and Children

[20] World Bank & UNFPA, 2004

[21] Afrol News, 2006

[22] Shreyashi Ghosh, “Beyond spaces: debunking public/private divide in understanding violence against women in India” 1 Indian Journal of Gender Studies

[23] Sunita Tiwari vs Union of India

[24] HT Correspondent, ‘Female Genital Mutilation violates fundamental rights, says Supreme Court

[25] Simantini Dey, ‘Women from the Bohra Community Are Fighting Against Female Genital Mutilation to Win Back Their Freedom

[1] Assistant Professor, Amity Law School, Amity University Lucknow Campus

[2] India: Arbitration, Litigation and Conciliation, https://www.mondaq.com/advicecentre/content/3958/Emergency-Arbitration-In-India-Concept-And-Beginning

[3] Shashank Garg, Alternative Dispute Resolution,122,2018

[4]Shaneen Parikh, et. Al, The developing compass of emergency arbitration in India https://www.ibanet.org/emergency-arb-india

[5] Supra N 2

[6] Ibid

[7] https://www.lcia.org/dispute_resolution_services/lcia-arbitration-rules-2014.aspx#Article%209B

[8] ibid

[9] https://www.nortonrosefulbright.com/en/knowledge/publications/0c310fce/emergency-arbitrators-in-singapore

[10] ibid

[11] Sidhartha Srivastava & Yasmeen Sabir   Emergency Arbitration: India and the international perspective

https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/business-laws/emergency-arbitration-india-and-the-international-perspective/article37048305.ece

[12] ibid

[13] Amit Vyas,Rishika Rajadhyaksha & Aditya Vyas, The Viewpoint: Enforceability of Emergency Award in India, Passed in Foreign Seated Arbitration , https://www.barandbench.com/view-point/enforceability-emergency-award-india-passed-foreign-seated-arbitration

[14] ibid

[15] HSBC PI Holdings (Mauritius) Ltd. v. Avitel Post Studioz Ltd & Ors., Arbitration Petition No. 1062/2012 dated

January 22nd, 2014.

[16] Bharat Aluminium Co. v. Kaiser Aluminium Technical Service, Inc. (“BALCO”), (2012) 9 SCC 552 the

Supreme Court held that Part I of the Act would not be applicable to international commercial arbitration

[17] 2016 SCC OnLine Del. 5521

[18] Supra n 10

[19] Supra n 9

[20] Gunjan Chhabra & Utsav Saxsena,’Emergency Arbitration in India: Recent Trends, https://www.arbitrationcorporatelawreview.com/post/emergency-arbitration-in-india-recent-trends

[21] Supra n 17

[1] 1872 2 C.P.D., A.K. Majumdar, & G.K. Kapoor, page 469, Taxmann's Company Law

[2] Promotion, Legal Service India,  http;//www.legalserviceindia.com/company%20law/com_1.htm

[3] Parker v. Modern Woodman 181 All. 214, 234., Taxmann's Company Law, P. 71-72

[4] (1904) AC 120

[5] K.S. Anantharaman, ‘Lectures on Company Law & Competition Act (including Secretarial Practice)’, p.49, Nagpur, LexisNexis Butterworths Wadhwa, (10th edition 2005).

[6] [1982] QB 938.

[7] (1866) LR 2 CP 174

[8] [1954] 1 QB 45

[1] Agarwal, A. (2018). Plea Bargaining: An Analysis. International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews, 5(3), 110-113.

[2] Dhami, S. (2019). Plea Bargaining: Indian Perspective. The Criminal Law Journal, 133(4), 603-615.

[3] Gandhi, S. K., & Gandhi, S. (2019). The Advent of Plea Bargaining in India: A Critical Appraisal. Indian Journal of Socio-Legal Studies and Rural Development, 5(4), 1-9.

[4] Mridula, T. K. (2018). Plea Bargaining: An Overview. International Journal of Scientific Research, 7(12), 23-24.

[5] Kumar, A. (2016). Plea Bargaining: An Insight. Journal of Law and Conflict Resolution, 8(1), 8-15.

[6] Kamath, A. (2015). Plea Bargaining in India: A Critique. Nirma University Law Journal, 4(1), 27-38.

[7] Aluru, N. R. (2017). Plea Bargaining in India: A Comparative Study. International Journal of Advanced Legal Research, 2(1), 125-130.

[8] Sharma, S. (2019). Plea Bargaining: Its Efficacy in the Indian Legal System. The Indian Journal of Political Science, 80(3), 593-607.

[9] Garg, N. K. (2018). Plea Bargaining: A Judicial Perspective. International Journal of Current Research and Modern Education, 3(2), 332-336.

[10] Tandon, S. (2016). Plea Bargaining: Challenges and Prospects in India. International Journal of Legal Studies and Research, 4(5), 1-6.

[11] Vashisth, R. (2017). Plea Bargaining in India: Its Concept and Role. Journal of Legal Studies and Research, 3(4), 1-10.

[12] Vohra, V. (2019). Plea Bargaining in Criminal Justice System: An Indian Scenario. International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews, 6(2), 803-810.

[13] Basu, S. K. (2014). Plea Bargaining in India: A Need of the Hour. The Indian Journal of Political Science, 75(4), 527-542.

*Assistant Professor, Department Of Law, University Of Jammu.

[1] Fundamental Rights are the basic rights contained in Part III under Article 12 to 35 of Constitution of India. It guarantees civil liberties such that all citizens can lead their lives in peace and harmony as citizens of India.

[2] Article 19 , Constitution of India

[3]  Article 21 in The Constitution Of India 1949

“21. Protection of life and personal liberty No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law”

[4] AIR1989SC190

[5] AIR 2010 Del 159.

[6]  CIC/SG/C/2009/001169/4696

[7] CIC/SA/C/2015/000030

[8]  CIC/SG/C/2009/000453

[9]  AIR 1917 Pat 625

[10]  “Abhishek Jain, “RTI Implementation at the District level: Issues and Challenges.”, The Indian Journal of Public Administration, Vol. 55, No. 3, July-September 2009, pp. 346-363, at p. 347.”

[11]  Bihar Public Service Commission v. State of Bihar (2009) 75 AIC 507 (Pat.).

[12]  Dhara Singh Girls High School v. State of UP, AIR 2008 All. 92.